Human Genome Project Essays (985 words) - Genomics, Biotechnology

Human Genome Project Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international 13 year effort that began in October of 1990. The main objective of the project is to map the entire human DNA sequence. The project was planned to last 15 years, but rapid technological advances have moved the completion date to 2003. A rough draft of the human genome was completed in June 2000. Efforts are still underway to complete the finished high quality sequence. Many laboratories around the United States receive funding from either the Department of Energy (DOE) or the National Institutes of Health, or from both, for the HGP. Other researchers at colleges, universities, and laboratories throughout the United States also receive funding for the project. At any given time, the DOE Human Genome Project funds about 200 separate investigators. At least 18 countries have established human genome research programs. Some of the larger programs are in Australia, France, Sweden, China and the United Kingdom. Some developing countries are participating through studies of molecular biology techniques for genome research and studies of organisms that are particularly interesting to their geographic regions. The Human Genome Project Organization helps to coordinate international efforts in the genome project. There are many benefits and goals of the Human Genome Project. Rapid progress in genome science and a glimpse into its potential applications have helped observers to predict that biology will be the the most important science of the 21 century. Aside from its medical and scientific benefits, the development of genomics research presents U.S. industry with many opportunities. The Consulting Resources Corporation Newsletter (Spring 1999) said that the sale of DNA based products and technologies in the biotechnology industry are rejected to exceed $45 billion by 2009. One of the goals of the project is improved knowledge in the area of molecular medicine. Increasingly detailed maps have aided researchers seeking genes associated with dozens of genetic conditions, including inherited colon cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and familial breast cancer. Also, molecular medicine will benefit with the improved diagnosis of disease, rational drug design, gene therapy and pharmaceutical ?custom drugs?. Another area that will benefit is that of Microbial Genetics. Despite our reliance on the inhabitants of the microbial world, we know little of their number or their nature.: estimates are that less than 0.01% of all microbes have been identified. Also, expected benefits include developments of diverse new products, processes, and test methods that will open the door to a cleaner environment. Biomanufacturing will use nontoxic chemicals and enzymes to reduce the cost and improve the efficiency of industrial processes. Already, microbial enzymes are being used to bleach paper pulp, stone wash denim, remove lipstick from glassware and break down starch in brewing. Risk assessment is something else that will come from the project. This involves assessing health damage and risks caused by radiation exposure,including low-dose exposures, assessing health damage and risks caused by exposure to mutagencic chemicals and cancer causing toxins, and reducing the likelihood of heritable mutations. Understanding genomics will help us understand human evolution and the common biology we share with all of life. Comparative genomics between humans and other organisms such as mice already has led to similar genes associated with diseases and traits. Further comparative studies will help determine the yet unknown function of thousands of other genes. Comparing the DNA sequences of entire genomes of different microbes will provide new insights about relationships amount the three kingdoms of life: archeabacteria, eukaryotesand prokaryotes. DNA forensics or DNA fingerprinting is another area that will be greatly affected by the completion of the project. Any type of organism can be identified by examination of DNA sequences unique to that species. Identifying individuals can be less precise at this time, although when DNA sequencing technologies progress further, direct characterization of very long DNA segments, and possibly even whole genomes, will become possible and will allow individual identification. To identify individuals, forensic scientists scan about 10 DNA regions that vary from person to person and use the data to create a DNA profile of the individual (sometimes called a DNA fingerprint). There is an extremely small chance that another person has the same DNA profile for a particular set of regions.

Free Essays on Turmenistan

TURKMENISTAN†¦ LAGITIMATE? According to 1998’s recoded documentation, Turkmenistan has been under a dictatorship rule since the brake from the former Soviet Union. Under the raining dictator, Saparmurat Niyazov, the citezens are neglectid of every civil and political right. There is no freedom of assembly, no opportunity for public debate and no political opportunities. Not to mention the intimidating authority existence of a Soviet-style, secret police. Turkmenistan is also one of the poorest of the former Soviet republics, due to the bad condition that it’s people are subjected to. Up until the U.S. Government intervened using force, President Niyazov had held many high-profiled polical prisoners. Among these prisoners, there was Khaja-Makhamendov, a leader of the banned Party of Democratic Development of Turkmenistan. Khaja-Makhamendov was held in incarceration since Febuary of 1996 in a psychiatric hospital on medically unjustifable grounds. Six of the eight members of the Party of Democratic Development of Turkmenistan, also known as the â€Å"Ashgabat Eight†, were also released in April. Niyazov’s sole intentions as leader of this nation were to crack down on political and religious dissidents, to restrict freedom of the press, protest, and to eliminate all forms of democracy. In August, the police stopped 200 women from entering the capital where they intended to make their complaints directly to Niyazov. In trukmenistan there are only 2 religions aceptable and legal, Sunni Islam and Russian Orthodoxy however; the police have halted their raids on privately house-held prayer meetings. Niyazov also called for three-generation "background checks" to determine potential university students' "moral character" before they are admitted to study. Abolished his country's World Languages University, ordered that the entire printing of a new Turkmen history textbook be burned, and ordered that foreign languages should no longer... Free Essays on Turmenistan Free Essays on Turmenistan TURKMENISTAN†¦ LAGITIMATE? According to 1998’s recoded documentation, Turkmenistan has been under a dictatorship rule since the brake from the former Soviet Union. Under the raining dictator, Saparmurat Niyazov, the citezens are neglectid of every civil and political right. There is no freedom of assembly, no opportunity for public debate and no political opportunities. Not to mention the intimidating authority existence of a Soviet-style, secret police. Turkmenistan is also one of the poorest of the former Soviet republics, due to the bad condition that it’s people are subjected to. Up until the U.S. Government intervened using force, President Niyazov had held many high-profiled polical prisoners. Among these prisoners, there was Khaja-Makhamendov, a leader of the banned Party of Democratic Development of Turkmenistan. Khaja-Makhamendov was held in incarceration since Febuary of 1996 in a psychiatric hospital on medically unjustifable grounds. Six of the eight members of the Party of Democratic Development of Turkmenistan, also known as the â€Å"Ashgabat Eight†, were also released in April. Niyazov’s sole intentions as leader of this nation were to crack down on political and religious dissidents, to restrict freedom of the press, protest, and to eliminate all forms of democracy. In August, the police stopped 200 women from entering the capital where they intended to make their complaints directly to Niyazov. In trukmenistan there are only 2 religions aceptable and legal, Sunni Islam and Russian Orthodoxy however; the police have halted their raids on privately house-held prayer meetings. Niyazov also called for three-generation "background checks" to determine potential university students' "moral character" before they are admitted to study. Abolished his country's World Languages University, ordered that the entire printing of a new Turkmen history textbook be burned, and ordered that foreign languages should no longer...

Astronomy and Quantum Physics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Astronomy and Quantum Physics - Essay Example The macrocosmic view of astrophysics posits billions of galaxies besides our own, innumerable stars, and planets, and this further points to the fact that we really know little about the universe in our limited, arrogant, ego states of consciousness. The religious view informs this understanding through â€Å"shamanic ecstasy† as Kessler calls it in â€Å"Studying Religion: An Introduction Through Cases,† where he describes the shaman travelling to the heavens and attaining a mystical unitive experience. (Kessler, 2007, p.143) In another way, Kessler suggests that the Buddhist conception of enlightenment may relate to a cosmic experience of being that is related directly to the universe of astrophysics. (Kessler, 2007, p.143-4) Knowing what we do of the nature of the cosmos, with many different possibilities of life, and also understanding Buddhist conceptions of re-incarnation, these two views can combine in a manner that merges the spiritual and physical to see life c ontinuing and developing in different forms across a variety of planets and star systems. The microcosmic view of quantum physics tends to infinite smallness where the astrophysics tends towards infinite expansion. That the two may merge in large cycles of time where the universe expands and then contracts to a single point over periods of billions of millennia or more is a massive concept of time cycles that accords with the Buddhist philosophical standpoint and modern physics.

Compensation and Labor Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compensation and Labor Relations - Assignment Example Notably, effective collective bargaining improves labour relations. The most common approaches to bargaining are the traditional or adversarial approach and integrative or win-win bargaining (Sharp 98). The process of collective bargaining has always been adversarial in nature and this has always caused rifts in the organizational decision making process. In this approach to bargaining, both parties involves, usually the union and the management, present their own agenda and have no idea of each other’s problems. It is a give and take approach to negotiation where one side’s loss is another side’s gain(Carly 198). Another way in which labour relations and collective bargaining can be carried out is through integrative approach. Integrative approach strives for mutual understanding and it concentrates more on the goals and concerns common to both parties. Here, both parties clearly understand the issues and solve the problems jointly and as a result, both of them will gain mutually as there will be equitable solution. Integrative bargaining aims at creating solutions that satisfies the needs of both parties (Carly 198). It demands that each side be aware of the issues affecting the other side. The labour union and the management provide a list explaining their needs and so the discussion is based on the possible ways to meet those needs in manner acceptable and beneficial to both parties. This approach to collective bargaining is very positive and it is commonly used in many modern union-management contracts. Many workers are not satisfied with their jobs and in most cases it is because of low wages. Notably, workers who are dissatisfied with their pay do leave their job for better opportunities. Dissatisfied workers exhibit withdrawal behaviours such as lateness, absenteeism and finally quitting their jobs. Quitting and seeking job in other factories that pay better is the most

Local Law Enforcement Essay Example for Free

Local Law Enforcement Essay Stages/Steps in the Hiring Process: First step is the applicant processing division to identify the most qualified applicants. Second step is the Pre-hire interview, next is a medical exam and then take a written psychological test. Next one will take a job standard test and an oral psychological interview. Last but not least a character investigation and any other additional requirements under exceptional circumstances. Specific Requirements: Applicants must be at least 17 ½ years of age by the last day of filing of the exam they are applying for. . Those applicants who are 35 and over and have active United States military service may deduct up to six years from the age requirement. If by mail: Applications must be submitted/postmarked by the filing deadline of the exam they are applying for. Candidates must be at least 21 years of age on or before the day of hire. Candidates must be a United States citizen on or before the day of hire. On or before the day of hire, candidates must have successfully completed either: Sixty (60) college credits with a 2.0 G.P.A. from an accredited college or university, or Two (2) years of full-time, active military service in the United States Armed Forces with an honorable discharge and have a high schools diploma or its equivalent. Candidates must reside either within one of the five boroughs of New York City or one of the surrounding counties of New York City; Suffolk, Westchester, Orange, Rockland, Nassau or Putnam Counties on the day of hire. Candidates must possess a valid, unrestricted New York State Driver’s License on the day of hire. Candidates must pay a $75.00 fee for fingerprinting as part of the investigation process. Candidates must pass a drug/alcohol screening. Candidates must pass a character and background investigation. Pay Scales: Police Academy 44,744; after 6 months 46,288; after 1.5 years 48,173; after 2.5 years 53, 819; after 3.5 years 58,786; after 4.5 years 62,455; after 5.0 years 69,005; after 5.5 years 90, 829. †¢Candidates must compete in the required written examination and pass additional screening procedures. †¢Candidates must be legal residents of Nassau County, Suffolk County, Westchester County or one of the five boroughs of New York City at time of appointment and maintain residency. †¢Candidates must be at least 17 but less than 35 years of age on the date of the written exam; provided, however, that time spent on military duty or on terminal leave, not exceeding a total of 6 years, shall be subtracted from the age of any applicant who has passed their 35th birthday, as provided in subdivision 10-a of Section 243 of the New York State Military Law. †¢Candidates must be citizens of the United States at time of appointment. †¢Candidates will be required to submit to a background investigation prior to appointment. †¢Candidates must possess a valid New York State driver’s license at time of appointment. †¢Appointments are determined on an individual basis by the Nassau County Civil Service Commission, however, anyone with a felony conviction may be excluded from being a Nassau County Police Officer. †¢No college education is required to take the written examination; however, 32 credits of college education are required for appointment. Those candidates who have not attained that level of education but are otherwise eligible for appointment will remain on the eligible list and will become eligible for appointment after they have obtained the necessary college credits. Pay Scales: Get paid while you train in the Police Academy;$34,000 starting salary;$107,319 after 9 years;12% shift differential; Education incentive pay Title of Agency (3): City of New York Department of Correction Web Address: http://www.nyc.gov/html/doc/html/home/home.shtml Stages/Steps in the Hiring Process: The primary responsibility of the Applicant Investigation Unit is to ensure the New York City Department of Correction hires the most qualified candidate to join the uniform members of service. The candidates are investigated, evaluated medically, inclusive of an agility test, and physically to determine their fitness for duty in all aforementioned areas. The New York City Department of Correction investigates thousands of candidates; however, only the most qualified for the position are selected.

Enuma Elish - The Babylonian Creation Story :: Enuma Elish

Enuma Elish - The Babylonian Creation Story Like the Greek Theogony, the creation of the world in the Enuma elish begins with the universe in a formless state, from which emerge two primary gods, male and female: When the skies above were not yet named Nor earth below pronounced by name, Apsu, the first one, their begetter, And maker Tiamat, who bore them all, Had mixed their waters together, But had not formed pastures, nor discovered reed-beds; When yet no gods were manifest, Nor names pronounced, nor destinies decreed, Then gods were born within them. (Dalley 233) Apsu, the male "begetter," is the sweet waters, while Tiamat, the female "maker," is the bitter, salt waters. Sweet and salt water mingle together at the mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, site of the origins of Mesopotamian civilization. Some translators see the word "maker" in line 4 not as an adjective describing Tiamat but as another god, named Mummu, who emerges at the same time. As you might expect, Mummu means "maker," "form," "mold," or "matrix." Besides being Apsu's vizier, Mummu is the mold or the undifferentiated substance from which things are made. Like Eros at the beginning of the Theogony, this Mummu-power is necessary to get the job of birth-creation going. Stephanie Dalley notes that "the bit-mummu was the term for a workshop that produced statues of deities" (274). N. K. Sandars, however, sees mummu as potential, or entropy (27). In this early period, nothing is named yet because nothing has appeared or been created yet. Notice that pasture-land must be form ed--wrested from the desert by the hard work of digging and irrigation. The reed-beds mentioned in line 6 are handier than one might think: in southern Iraq today, the marsh dwellers live and work in floating houses and boats made from the reeds in the reed-beds. The "destinies" mentioned in line 8 are somewhat like the Sumerian me--cultural patterns and ways of living. After the waters of Apsu and Tiamat mix, the gods Lahmu and Lahamu ("slime, mud") emerge. And from this pair come Anshar ("whole sky") and Kishar ("whole earth"), meaning perhaps "the horizon, the circular rim of heaven and the corresponding circular rim of earth" (Jacobsen 168). Anshar and Kishar give birth to Anu, the sky god, who in turn begets what one translation calls "his likeness" (Heidel 18) Ea, the trickster god of the flowing waters, who is familiar to us as Enki.

How the American Society Changed during the Revolutionary War

November 7, 2011 Americans owe the French a debt of gratitude because without them, they would either; still be fighting the British for their freedom, or lose their freedom altogether. Americans have gained their independence but changes occur after the war. American society changed politically, socially, and economically during and after the Revolutionary War. Because majority of the men were at war, the women had to step up and take charge or how society was ran, or the American economy would be ruined. The political aspect of American society changed greatly after the war; â€Å"†¦no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever†¦ but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinion in matters of religion. † (Document D). This explicates the beginning of America losing its religion-based societies, and becoming more diverse to more religions and cultures. Unfortunately, Indians were still excluded from political decisions, and since they made alliances with the British, and not Americans, westward expansionism was unable to be stopped; â€Å"†¦It is now more than three years since peace was made between the King of Great Britain and you [Americans], but, we, the Indians, were disappointed, finding ourselves not included in that peace†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Document E). Indians are seeking peace with the Americans because they are destroying their lands. Socially, American society changed significantly. Document A shows a woman as a woodcut worker. Before the war, women were stuck in the house, having no input in how their life was run; during the war, they were running society and maintaining the economy. Women also began to libel for their freedom after the war; â€Å"What then must my situation be, when my sex, my youth and inexperience all conspire to make me tremble at the task which I have undertaken? But the friendly encouragement, which I behold in almost every countenance, enables me to overcome difficulties, that would otherwise be insurmountable. (Document J). Furthermore, Molly Wallace is saying that when the men where away, the women were able to run society, so they should be included more. The American economic society depleted immensely because they owed a lot of money for the war. Although after the war, people were suppose to be freed from slavery and indentured servitude, even though they weren’t; â€Å"†¦There shall be neither slavery nor involuntar y servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duty convicted†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Document H). The economy became stronger as well because the states were becoming more united, trying to establish one currency; â€Å"†¦Some of them were crying out for a paper currency, some for an equal distribution of property. † (Document G). Abigail Adam’s letter suggests how the economy should work, either to establish a currency, or distribute land. Furthermore, during and after the Revolutionary War the American society changed a great deal. Society changed with the Articles of Confederations, the first American government; â€Å"†¦If men were angels, no government would be necessary†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Document I). After the Article of Confederation was discovered to be too weak, the bicameral government we have today was established. The Virginia Plan and the Jersey Plan allowed the Senate and House of Representatives. The American Revolution was significant to the molding of today’s government.