Saturday, December 28, 2019

Lessons of Valujet 592 - 1050 Words

The Lessons of ValuJet 592 1. Identify one or two risks your project is encountering and strategies that might mitigate them †¢ Risk 1: Due to time constraints and meeting deadlines, our group may be forced into a position that does not allow us to fully research the most effective means of developing a functional lighting system to prevent future runway incursions. †¢ Mitigation: The deadline cannot be pushed back, so we need to collectively get together to ensure we are up-to-date on the current research in this area †¢ Risk 2: Another risk we may encounter is â€Å"reinventing the wheel.† With all the research and designs that are presently being tested, it will be difficult to create a system unique to those that are currently being†¦show more content†¦First, during process activities developing a plan for risk management, which defines and documents a strategy, should have been done. Once this was completed, the next step would be to manage the risk profile to determine thresholds and identify both the acceptable and unacceptable risks involved (Haskins et al., 2010, p 216). The workers should have been trained to understand the risks involved with handling, dismantling, and packaging the oxygen generators. If this was done correctly, the lanyards would not have been removed and the caps that cover the firing pins would have been in place. Mechanics would have understood that surrounding these canisters with consumables, such as the cardboard boxes and tires, is unt hinkable and highly hazardous. Another risk management strategy that is important in the ValuJet case study is documentation. The downfall to this is ensuring the documentation is not falsified. Documenting everything is crucial and something that was accomplished, but did not reflect the job performance accurately. By avoiding costs and schedule risks, SabreTech employees increased the technical risks associated with maintenance of the jet and hangar. Similarly, the paperwork insisting ValuJet get â€Å"re-certified† was completed and submitted for evaluation, but no one evaluated it! Documentation is important, but not if it is not accurate and assessed. The crash and burn (orShow MoreRelatedCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 Pages323) 240 000 30 000 (1 803 748) 635 000 880 832 1 235 982 1 125 000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 38 558 822 — — — — — — — — 1 333 900 1 703 256 2 238 936 2 335 083 1 140 757 2 740 694 4 668 190 6 009 042 9 680 083 7 581 788 8 696 891 12 452 592 25 848 849 42 264 537 45 060 198 34 728 966 22 192 064 27 864 308 44 548 451 58 478 352 46 438 888 50 534 450 109 439 842 57 835 844 75 065 261 64 716 499 79 225 703 123 509 607 226 632 844 274 534 505 248 168 948 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.07

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Police Enforcement And Drug Testing - 957 Words

Police officers play a very important role in everyday life. They represent law and order while protecting the public and fighting crime. Their main goal is to improve the quality of life for every citizen. His or her way of handling stress is tested daily by a simple traffic stop to someone robbing a bank. They have to be ready at any given moment for anything that might come their way when they get the call. Their job is challenging and it could lead them to make many mistakes or cost someone’s life, if they were to be under the influence of drugs. Not every police department is obligated to give random drug tests on police officers but only to do so after something happens. For example a cop hits a parked car, therefore the officer is drug tested. I do not particularly agree with this system. Why wait till something happens to find out that an officer has a problem? Why not conduct a random drug test them to see if there is a problem? Professional athletes, bus drivers, pil ots and others are subjected to random drug tests; police officers should be subject to the same. Their job takes brings them to different areas of the city or town and they witness all sorts of violence, which could cause mental stress. A police officer might turn to drugs and/or alcohol to relieve some of that stress. Even if a police officer were to drink heavily on his or her day off it could still be in their system the next day and cause them to not perform their job well. By conductingShow MoreRelatedYouth Gang Prevention Efforts : A Two Pronged Prevention843 Words   |  4 Pagesundertaken by law enforcement departments around the country include: â€Å"Participating in community awareness campaigns (e.g. developing public service announcements and poster campaigns). Contacting the parents of peripheral gang members (through the mail or during personal visits) to alert them that their children are involved with a gang. Sponsoring gang hotlines to gather information and fac ilitate a quick response to gang-related issues. Organizing athletic events with teams of law enforcement officersRead MoreTechnology And The Field Of Criminal Justice Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesDo you remember when our policemen had to ride around on horses to get from place to place? Most probably have heard about it, but think to themselves ‘all I have ever known as police cars and motorcycles’. For over a century the world has been making advances with technology in all areas of life, and the field of criminal justice has not been an exception to this technological advances. These advances in technology has taken the criminal justice field a long way from riding a horse bareback toRead MoreTechnology And Science By Law Enforcement1653 Words   |  7 Pagesscience, and engineering to matters of law,† (2014). The emphasis here is the use of technology and science by law enforcement officers and agencies and is accepted and recognized by the criminal justi ce system. It is seen as scientific technology or Criminalistics, (Dempsey Forst, 2013). While technology plays a role in this, it is most recognized by the use of science by law enforcement and allowing scientific information to be admissible in the court of law. For this reason, forensic science isRead MoreThe Causes of Stress Among Police Officers Essay example988 Words   |  4 Pagesmonster†. This aptly applies to police officers who face unexpected and potentially dangerous situations every day. Police officers are confronted with destructive and negative behavior on a regular basis. Law enforcement is one of the most stressful and demanding professions in the United States. Characteristics of police work are stressful because a situation can change at any time. An FBI report shows that approximately twelve out of every one hundred or 60,000 police officers are assaulted eachRead MoreEthics in Criminal Justice Administration Analysis Essay978 Words   |  4 Page ssystem, every decision and results must meet the needs of the citizens and the law enforcement in regards to the balancing concern. The concerns are from prosecuting the guilty and respecting the right of the accused, protecting the victims, and creating a safe community. This paper will give analysis of the critical thinking concerning the relationship between ethics and professional behavior role of the law enforcement officers, and the five areas of ethical conduct that should be communicate in aRead MoreRacial Profiling by Police Essay examples1581 Words   |  7 Pages The act of racial profiling goes against our human rights. Racial profiling has been a controversial issue for a plethora amount of time in the United States of America. According to the National Institute of Justice, racial profiling by law enforcement is defined as a practice that targets people for suspicion of crime based on their race, ethnicity, religion, or nation origin. Creating a profile about the kinds of people who commit certain types of crimes may lead officers to stereotype againstRead MorePolice Career Research Paper1500 Words   |  6 PagesCareer Research Paper Police officers have played a major role in society by protecting us from crime. Their responsibilities include not only preserving the peace, preventing criminal acts, enforcing the law, investigating crimes, and arresting those who violate the law but also directing traffic, community relations work, and controlling crowds at public events. Law enforcement officers are a part of our communities to protect and serve us from danger and to apprehend criminals that disobey theRead More Police Corruption and Misconduct Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pages Police corruption and misconduct come apparent in many different forms. A basic definition for police corruption is, when an officer gets involved in offenses where the officer uses his or her position, by act or omission, to obtain improper financial benefit. The main reason for such corruption is typically for personal gain, such as bribery. Police abuse of authority occurs in three different general areas such as physical abuse, psychological abuse, and legal abuse. Physical abuse is suchRead MoreHow Catch A Criminal : Instruments And Techniques Used For Investigations1651 Words   |  7 Pageson a beach with a Pina Colada, they get a call about a case needing to be solved immediately. Which they do, by themselves and everyone high fives them. After studying Criminal Justice for a couple of years and growing up in a family full of Law Enforcement officers, I can assure you that reality is far from what is perceived television. It is not as glamorous as depicted, there is more blood, harder work, longer hours and unfortunately every case does not get solved. As we look into a fantasy ofRead MoreThe Law Enforcement Hiring Process Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pagespaper will show four different police departments that are currently hiring or recruiting for police officers. There will be a summary on the research found on the process used to recruit police officers. It will also show their current hiring trends and what hiring practices they have that are successful or not successful. The paper will also go over the different methods departments use to train their new officers and their values. The Process of Recruiting Police Personal Recruiting officers is

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Digital Forensic Dropbox Cloud Storage Service

Question: Discuss about the Digital Forensicfor Dropbox Cloud Storage Service. Answer: In most of the cases the deleted data can be restored using different data recovery tools. It is also possible to recover the files without using any kind of recovery tools. The recoverability of the files depends on whether there are write operation are performed on the specific region of the hard drive. In most of the operating systems, the address of the files are maintained using pointers. Whenever users delete a file, the operating system removes the pointer for that specific file and marks the concerned sectors of the hard drive as an available space to store other files. From the file systems perspective, the file is no longer present on the hard drive and the sectors that are containing the data of the file are considered free space to the operating system. The Questionnaire for the Employees How much time has been spent till the files were deleted? Are there any read or right operation are completed on the hard drive? Are the previous version of the files are restored? Options to Recover It is possible to recover the file using the data recovery softwares such as Recuva. On the other hand if the files are deleted from a folder we can choose the Restore previous versions by right clicking on the folder which will recover the deleted files. If this process does not work then, we have to go to the control panel, then system protection and have to select the drive from the available options. After selecting the drive we have to click on the option restore system settings and previous versions of files and click ok (Jueneman et al., 2015). This will recover all the deleted files from the drive. Outline of the Investigation Procedure While investigating a potential fraud case the most important part is maintaining the confidentiality in the workplace so that the evidences are not altered or removed. In order to conduct a fraud investigation, first the investigator needs to obtain proper authorization from the company or the concerned individual (Ko Zaw, 2015). From this collected evidence, discovering relevant data, preparing an Order of Volatility of the evidences, blocking the external avenues of alteration of the evidences, and preparing a chain of custody are the main steps in the evidence collection phase (Martnez, lvarez Encinas, 2014). After the investigation team is called by the organization or the individuals, investigators first develops First Response of Procedures (FRP) in order to collect the evidences as much possible. Data Validation Methods In any fraud case the hash algorithms are used by the investigators in order to ensure that the collected evidences are not altered; i.e. This algorithm is used by the investigators to check the integrity of the evidence (Schmitt Jordaan, 2013). This method is mainly a series of message digest algorithms that generates a 128 bit hash code. It processes an arbitrary length of message or data into the fixed length hash code as an output (Schmitt Jordaan, 2013). The hash value in the imaging phase of the data drive must be same with the result that is obtained in the detailed analysis phase. This hash values changes for any operation done on the disk such as addition, deletion, modification of content in any existing file or exchanging the content of two files in the disk etc. (Bjelland, Franke rnes, 2014). References Bjelland, P. C., Franke, K., rnes, A. (2014). Practical use of Approximate Hash Based Matching in digital investigations.Digital Investigation,11, S18-S26. Jueneman, R. R., Linsenbardt, D. J., Young, J. N., Carlisle, W. R., Tregub, B. G. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 9,049,010. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Ko, A. C., Zaw, W. T. (2015). Digital Forensic Investigation of Dropbox Cloud Storage Service.Network Security and Communication Engineering (Ed: Kennis Chan), CRC Press: ?ngiltere, 147-150. Martnez, V. G., lvarez, F. H., Encinas, L. H. (2014, January). State of the art in similarity preserving hashing functions. InProceedings of the International Conference on Security and Management (SAM)(p. 1). The Steering Committee of The World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering and Applied Computing (WorldComp). Schmitt, V., Jordaan, J. (2013). Establishing the Validity of Md5 and Sha-1 Hashing in Digital Forensic Practice in Light of Recent Research Demonstrating Cryptographic Weaknesses in these Algorithms.International Journal of Computer Applications,68(23).

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Room Division Management for Development-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theRoom Division Management for Training and Development. Answer: Employees are the most significant resources within the hospitality industry and they are mostly responsible for hotels to give a competitive advantage within the business world. Therefore many scholars agree that the qualifications and skills of the front desk employees and housekeeping play the key role in building and sustaining the reputation and image of the hotel. According to Boella (2017) he hospitality industry is the industry which mostly needs low level of skills and little training and development of employees. In fact, some findings indicate that there is no such correlation between the position of the employees and their educational level in the room division management. Along with that, some researchers have also indicates that the font office employees tend to need more than the low level of skills. The perceptions regarding the job in the labour market indicate towards the requirement of employees in room division management having lower level of skills other than th e multinational hospitality organizations. However there are factors which make difficult for the organizations in hospitality industry in attracting and retaining the appropriate employees in room division management. These factors include transient work force, low payment and serious lack in the formal qualifications (Tracey, 2016). In a study focusing on desired competencies in the front office and housekeeping managers and employees, it is shown that significant skills are required for the front office jobs such as communicating with other employees and guests, thinking in a creative way for innovative service, developing the service orientation, identification of problems, listening and problem solving skills, quality management etc. The employee perception for this jobs also show that there has been a relative significance of the competencies like the interpersonal behavioural and relationship skills are required for applying the knowledge and technical skills within the work place. Boella (2017), has also found that there are other factors that affect the job satisfaction level of the employees such as promotion chances, good pay, nature of the job etc. It has also been indicated that the satisfied employees tend not to leave the job, therefore the rate of turnover are low for such employees. However, there has been a major finding that the employees with more educational qualification tend to have greater level of job satisfaction. The front office and housekeeping employees are responsible for a lot of things to make the guests stay comfortable within the organization. The room division is the combination of housekeeping, front office, security and maintenance employees. Therefore the supervisor or the managers of this department should have experience and skills for these jobs. As an employee or a manager, communicating with other is also important. Employee talent has been a severe issue in these departments as mostly it is believed that these employees require a lower level of competency. The hotel business is not only dependent of the services they provide, but also on the front office employees. As indicated by Deresky (2017) the front office and housekeeping employees should have a proactive approach in dealing with guests and always assist them with whatever they need at any time. Therefore, they also need to have a concrete plan for meeting the organizational goals and objectives. The employees should proactively look for developing necessary skills including both soft and hard skills. Communicating with guests is turning into a crucial job from the room division management employees, therefore employees should also develop skills for being able to work in a team, so that they can solve any issue working together. In addition to that, the hospitality market has become more competitive, therefore, it is important to train and develop a skilled workforce, which will eventually help the organization to gain the competitive advantage. However recruiting people who are competent enough to deal with complicated situation is a major issue for hotel industry. The major advantage of having skilled employees at the front desk is that they can easily make the guests feel comfortable. Therefore the demand for skilled and trained employees has been increasing (Snell, Morris Bohlander, 2015). The front office personnel should be having social skills and special qualities for dealing with the guests, apart from having the capability of performing in complex situations. However, this need is not always fulfilled, as most people believe that lower level skills are required for the room division management employees. Therefore, it can be said that finding suitable employees with required talent for front office and housekeeping has been a trouble for hospitality industry. It can be said that motivation is a force that directs special behavioural alternatives that are suggested while considering among the options of behaviour. Expectancy theory was initially developed by the concepts of Vroom. It is seen that nowadays the employees of the hotels are immensely interested in working in front office as various incentive programs are there from where they can earn significant amount of money. It can be said that these incentive programs actually benefits all the stakeholders of the hotels and from the financial gain the employees become more motivated towards work for the company and that is also a gain of the company. Not only the financial part, while working in the front office, it may appear that the front office employees are the representatives of the organization and that can provide a major amount of job satisfaction to the employees that cannot be denied (Jaworski et al., 2018). The front office employees many a times work as supervisor of some ma nagers which makes the job most prestigious in the hotel business and that is another force that is nowadays driving the hotel employees to yearn for working as a front office employee in hotels. Thus it can be said that the dignity, monetary benefit and the higher post or importance of the role played in the organization, are the driving factors that are attracting the hotel employees nowadays to work in front office of the hotels. The hotels tend to have numbers of incidents occurring throughout the day as this industry mostly deals with different kinds of people coming from all around the world. The guests are with diverse characteristics coming from different countries and different cultures. Even the highly reputed hotels may not be capable of satisfying their every customer with their services. Usually the front office and housekeeping employees are responsible for interacting with guests directly, therefore there are several challenges that they face on a regular basis. Such challenges are: The room division management employees are accountable for managing the emotions of the guests including angry customers who have not received their services properly. Therefore this can be a major challenge for them. The front desk employees tend to handle numerous calls throughout the day and sometimes it is impossible for them to understand how much time consuming the calls are going to be before taking the call. Some customer can call to confirm their booking or update their whereabouts or may be sometimes rescheduling their bookings (Moreo, Green O'Halloran, 2018). Therefore managing such calls with varied numbers of issues can be a major challenge for the employees. Managing the flow of guests at the busy times can be another significant challenge for the room division employees. When customers have to wait at the front desk, they can get annoyed and frustrated with every passing minute. However, it is not only the irritation of the customers the front office employees have to deal with, but they also have to deal with the other teams such as housekeeping, security for offering the guests the best possible services. Utilizing techniques for keeping the guests informed regarding the delays in service and referring to the service guide can be a key challenge as well. The front office and housekeeping staffs are accountable for responding immediately to the complaints regarding various issues such as quality of service to delay in services the guests are receiving (Felicen et al., 2014). Therefore balancing understanding and compassion with these situations and settling on the ways for addressing such issues can take a toll on their time and energy, no matter how much experience he or she has. Therefore, it can be said that the room division management employees are the key for the maintenance of productivity and efficiency along with having brilliant understanding with the guests. The staffing issues within the hospitality industry indicate that the organizations tend to face major challenges in attracting and retaining the employees which eventually results into shortages in staff members. The turnover rate of employees can be defined as the involuntary or voluntary withdrawal of the employees from their existing organization. Employee turnover has always been a major issue within the hospitality industry. Excessive turnover including the important employees tend to hinder and disrupt the effectualness of the organization (Sucher Cheung, 2015). Therefore, attracting more skilled employees and reducing the turnover rate is very much significant as it can reduce the cost for recruiting, selecting and the training along with improving the service quality of the organization. In order to attract more skilled employees for the organization, proper training and development of the employees, providing fair payments are key practices that should be adapted by most o f the organizations in this industry (Peshave Gupta, 2017). Recruiting employees selectively is essential for enhancing the commitment of employees which also helps mitigating the turnover rate of the staff members as it tends to exert a major influence on the culture of the organization. A key practice that leads to selective staffing is to attract adequate applicants in order to make sure that the organization gets the best qualified employees amongst them (Combes et al., 2016). Therefore, a pragmatic job preview is necessary for the potential candidates so that they can also assess the effectiveness of the organization (Meagher, 2017). In addition to that, selective staffing also includes using several reliable methods for selecting the potential employees along with involving more stakeholders in the decision making process. Therefore, this practice can help attracting the best talents for the organization (Goh Kong, 2016). The training and orientation also help the employees to get familiarized with the regular services of the employees and maximise the skills, knowledge and abilities for performing their jobs. Therefore in order to retain employees in the room division management, the organization should provide professional training and development sessions with capable trainers (Robinson et al., 2016). Along with that offering fair and competitive pay is also essential for retaining employees. It has been found out that most of the non-managerial staff members in the hospitality industry tend to have a lower pay that any other industry which also lead to higher turnover rate for the employees and trouble to attract and retain their skilled employees (Gordon Adler, 2017). Therefore for retaining the most competent and experienced employees in the room division management, the hospitality organizations should provide smart pay along with non-monetary benefits and necessary recognition for dealing wit h difficult situations. A friendly management and supervision style can help satisfying and retaining employees as it will help to reduce the working stress (Riley, 2014). Recommendations for attracting and retaining room division staffs: A specific and well-knit framework should be provided to the employees at the initial phase of their jobs so that they can understand that what exactly the organization expects out of them. This will help them to shape their daily jobs in a positive way. The supervision quality that the staff members receive is also significant for the employee retention process. As the room division employees have to deal with different kinds of guests, they should get adequate help from their managers and supervisors (Knox et al., 2015). If the managers make the staff members feel that they are undervalued, it can immediately contribute to the employee turnover. The employees should be given enough freedom for speaking her or his mind. Whenever the employees are having issues with their job, both internally and externally, the higher management should be supportive and work on their feedbacks. They should be treated fairly and there should not be any kind of discrimination amongst employees based on any gender or race (Goh Kong, 2016). Reference list Boella, M. (2017).Human resource management in the hotel and catering industry. Routledge. Combes, P. P., Decreuse, B., Laouenan, M., Trannoy, A. (2016). Customer discrimination and employment outcomes: theory and evidence from the french labor market.Journal of Labor Economics,34(1), 107-160. Deresky, H. (2017).International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. Felicen, S. S., Rasa, L. C., Sumanga, J. E., Buted, D. R. (2014). Internship performance of tourism and hospitality students: Inputs to improve internship program.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,4(6), 42. Goh, E., Kong, S. (2016). Theft in the hotel workplace: Exploring frontline employees perceptions towards hotel employee theft.Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1467358416683770. Gordon, S., Adler, H. (2017). Employee perceptions of well-being and organizational wellness offerings: A study of line-level employees in select-service hotels.Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality Tourism,16(3), 308-330. Jaworski, C., Ravichandran, S., Karpinski, A. C., Singh, S. (2018). The effects of training satisfaction, employee benefits, and incentives on part-time employees commitment.International Journal of Hospitality Management,74, 1-12. Knox, A., Warhurst, C., Nickson, D., Dutton, E. (2015). More than a feeling: using hotel room attendants to improve understanding of job quality.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(12), 1547-1567. Meagher, K. A. (2017). An examination of the recruitment selection factors for a front desk agent.Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality Tourism,16(2), 171-191. Moreo, A., Green, A. J., O'Halloran, R. (2018). What certifications are important in the hospitality industry?.Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality Tourism,17(1), 121-135. Peshave, J., Gupta, K. (2017). Challenges in the career progression of women in Hospitality Industry-a review of literature.International Journal of Commerce and Management Research,3(2), 158-165. Riley, M. (2014).Human resource management in the hospitality and tourism industry. Routledge. Robinson, R. N., Kralj, A., Solnet, D. J., Goh, E., Callan, V. J. (2016). Attitudinal similarities and differences of hotel frontline occupations.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(5), 1051-1072. Snell, S. A., Morris, S., Bohlander, G. W. (2015).Managing human resources. Nelson Education. Sucher, W., Cheung, C. (2015). The relationship between hotel employees cross-cultural competency and team performance in multi-national hotel companies.International Journal of Hospitality Management,49, 93-104. Tracey, W. R. (2016).The human resources glossary: The complete desk reference for HR executives, managers, and practitioners. CRC Press.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Public Administration and Politics free essay sample

duction During the apartheid era, the South African public service was isolated and out of touch with international developments in Public Sector Reform (PSR) (Thornhill, 2008). New Public Management (NPM) ideology based on generic management ideas and institutional economics had spread through the Anglophone world in the 1980s and 1990s (Hughes, 2003). During the transition in the early 1990s, very little work done by the African National Congress (ANC) on the nature of the post-apartheid public service. It was understandably obsessed on the issue of political power. It is often argued that NPM has been highly influential in shaping Public sector reform in post-apartheid South Africa. To what extent has the South African public service been influenced by NPM reforms, as opposed to other reforms? What has been the effects of these reforms? They are decentralization of authority and responsibility to managers, rightsizing which entails reducing the size of the public sector, corporatisation in the form of converting departments into free standing units, the creation of the Senior Management System (SMS), the use of the contract system for heads of departments, the creation of a more flexible human resources system, the introduction of Performance Management and attempts to improve service delivery. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Administration and Politics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With the exception of fully blown privatization and public-private partnerships, this focus probably straddles the entire spectrum of NPM. The method consisted of interviews with a number of senior government officials which included three current Director-Generals. An interview was also held with the previous Minister of Department of Public Service and Administration (DPSA), Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi. New Public Management: The Framework In the 1980s, the traditional bureaucratic public administration model of Max Weber and Woodrow Wilson was challenged in Anglophone countries such as England, Australia and New Zealand. A new model of public sector management emerged in these countries which was called NPM. NPM is not a coherent theory but rather a discrete set of ideas that can be broadly divided into two categories. First, there is the use of private management ideas, such as the provision of more responsive and efficient services, performance agreements including service standards, greater independence and flexibility for managers and new financial techniques. Second, there is greater use of as privatisation and public-private partnerships in service provision. NPM is generally inspired by the values and concepts of the private sector. It was seen as a way of cutting through the red tape and rigidity associated with old-style public administration. The Context of Public Sector Reform Global economic influences have been an important background variable in considering administrative reform. One general reason for public sector reforms internationally is to restrain public spending, lighten the bureaucratic burden and to reshape social policies that cannot be afforded (Polity and Bouckaert (2004:28).

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Blaxplotation films essays

Blaxplotation films essays Scene 1: Outside a ticket box office in a suburban movie theater in 1967. About a dozen white couples patiently wait in line to purchase tickets to the progressive new film, Guess Whos Coming to Dinner by Stanley Kramer. Camera then focuses on a movie poster, which portrays Sidney Poitier amongst an all white cast smiling contently. As the decade of the 1960s came to a close, America was in the midst of a radical social, political, and artistic movement. Students were rising, women were fighting for equality, and for the first time in history, the voice of the countrys African-American community was beginning to be heard. The Black Nationalist Movement delivered empowering messages of a need for black power, unity and representation. An artistic response to this political and social uprising emerged in the form of black popular musical acts, and soon spread to the world of cinema. The Blaxploitation film had arrived. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s was supposed to end institutional racism in American society and allow the African American community to obtain social, economic, and political equality, yet; the majority of the black community was still trapped in inner-city ghettos which offered few employment opportunities and crowded living conditions. These ghettos harbored one of the fastest growing populations in the country, which were becoming more and more discontent with the pace at which the supposed progress of the Civil Rights Movement was making. Out of the unrest that was brewing in these urban ghettos arose a new wave of racial consciousness called Black Power. Black Power represented both a conclusion to the decades Civil Rights Movement and a reaction against the racism that had persisted despite the efforts of the black activists during the 60s. Political leaders such as the Malcolm X, adapted the term as a repr...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Smart Electronic Devices It Can Save You Money Essay

Smart Electronic Devices It Can Save You Money - Essay Example With all the strengthened campaigns against global warming, all industries seem to be keen on going with the hype. But is it just hype? No it isn’t. It’s as real as can be and the campaign for green electronics is just but timely. It is known that consumer electronics are far from friendly to the environment — they consume lots of energy thereby contributing to global warming. Aside from that, they also leach out toxins when they are discarded in landfills. What exactly goes into the category green electronics and why is it so â€Å"in† right now? In this year’s Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, Greenpeace International toxics campaigner Casey Harrell said that green electronics are those "free from toxic chemicals and excels in energy efficiency and durability† (â€Å"New Electronic Gadgets†). What is so good about green electronics aside from being environment-friendly is that it will be economical. We are talking in the future tense for this one because the search for a truly green product is still on. What we have now are more or less attempts to greener electronics and since the technology is not yet perfect and cost much to manufacture, they are still generally expensive. In the long run though, greener electronics will save us money especially once it becomes the standard. Let us look at some examples. A thermostat regulates temperature according to what is desired. Old manual thermostats can be replaced with electronic ones to conserve energy, thereby cutting your electric bills and saving you lots of money. This way, being comfortable in your home will not cost you much. How so? These electronic thermostats are programmable. Thus you can have it preset to automatically adjust temperature depending on your needs, like when you’re sleeping at night and during morning when everyone gets up. Some models can even be controlled remotely (Corder). Water is easily wasted in running taps especially when used by children. To

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Glaxo Smith Kline's Business Strategy Case Study

Glaxo Smith Kline's Business Strategy - Case Study Example 2004, p. 10). Two of the four elements of a strategy, internal competencies and shortcomings are within the organization and can be controlled by it, if properly appraised. The other two, changes in the environment and intelligent moves by competitors are external forces, and require adoption or modification of action sequences and determined policies to achieve organisational goals and fulfilling stakeholder expectations. Glaxo Smith Kline (GSK), one of the largest companies operating in the "technically innovative" and highly competitive "global market" pharmaceutical industry. (Lynch 2006, p. 191). In the pharmaceutical industry, obsolescence is a constant challenge and companies are required to constantly replenish old drugs, which means that the research and development 'pipeline' should be kept flowing. The development of a single new drug is estimated to cost up to $ 500 million and takes several years. However once developed a new drug has patent protection which means the company that developed the drug can have exclusive marketing rights for a period of (generally) ten years from the time the patent is registered. The drugs are marketed to customers - as doctors, hospitals and government health agencies through large sales forces. Companies employ several thousand specialist sales personnel in North America alone. All these operations require large financial outlays. Therefore organisational size does matter as revenue generation normally corresponds to size. According to Michael Porter, five external forces impact businesses. They are industry competitors, potential new entrants, substitutes, suppliers and buyers. (Porter 2004, p. 4) He offers three generic strategies to meet the challenges of these forces: cost leadership, differentiation and focus (Porter 2004, p. 35). While questioning some of the premises on which Porter based his theory, in a provocatively titled box, "Bye, Mr. Porter", (Whittington 2001, p. 67), Whittington proposes three strategies for companies to achieve growth: they are innovation, diversification and internationalisation. (Whittington 2001, p. 73). As we have seen innovation is an intrinsic factor that is necessary for survival in the pharmaceutical industry, diversification implies diversification, integration and takeovers. During the nineties many pharmaceutical companies have taken the 'mergers and acquisitions' route to augment their c ompetitiveness and enhance financial outcomes such as revenue generation and profitability by: Increasing and consolidating organizational size for Achieving economies of scale and reducing costs Complementing/extending ranges of products and services Replenishing

Sunday, November 17, 2019

The Importance of CSR at Nike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Importance of CSR at Nike - Essay Example In recent times, it has been observed that expectations from an increasingly informed society are gradually pushing business to prioritize CSR and embrace initiatives that seek to comply with the expectations (Hollender & Fenichell, 2014: p55). This paper seeks to study Nike’s activities as one of the leading sports equipment and wear manufacturer and distributor, aiming to discover whether Nike complies with CSR objectives. The company has faced negative publicity regarding its labour practices especially, which necessitates the objective investigation of its practices to determine whether Nike’s adverse publicity reflects general practice and philosophy at the company. This paper will seek to investigate Nike’s CSR policy, practices that are consistent with this policy, and challenges to their implementation of CSR. Nike’s labour practices in Asia during the 90s were the subject of heated criticism, which threatened their position as market leaders and necessitated a redefinition of their CSR policy. The company put up a multi-functional team at the executive level to drive CSR compliance as a result, allowing for the refining of their production processes to improve environmental sustainability and cut waste (Detienne & Lewis, 2009: p362). They also turned their attention to the workforce and designed a code of conduct for their suppliers so as to ensure their suppliers adhered to Nike’s values, especially in providing healthy working conditions for their workforce. Nike has embraced CSR and tries to impress the same on all their suppliers and retailer, as well. The company also insists that its employees’ internalize their code of ethics and practice it, while also making the same code a benchmark for its suppliers. Its efforts at waste reduction won them the Gigaton Awar d that is awarded to companies in recognition of their carbon emission reduction efforts.

Friday, November 15, 2019

The Procurement Of Construction Project Construction Essay

The Procurement Of Construction Project Construction Essay The procurement of construction project is vast in scope because it involves the gathering and organizing of myriads of separate individuals, firms and companies to design manage and build construction products such as houses, office buildings, hotels, shopping complex, roads, bridges etc. for specific clients or customers. Procurement comes the word procure which literally means to obtain by care or effort, to bring about and to acquire. System is about organized method, approach, technique, process or procedure. In this context, project procurement is very much concerned with the organized methods or process and procurements of obtaining or acquiring a construction product such as a house, hotels and shopping complex or road and jetty. It also involves arranging and coordinating people to achieve prescribed goals or objectives. In some instances the procurement method will have already been decided before an architect is appointed, either as the result of company or authority laid down policy because the choice has already been made by the client advised by a lead consultant who is not the architect. There are many different procurement routes, it is appropriate for the mainly common routes are the traditional procurement route, the design and build procurement route and the management procurement route. Which procurement method is likely to prove the most appropriate in a given situation will depend upon the nature and scope of the work proposed, how the risks are to be apportioned, how and where responsibility for design is to be placed, how the work is to be coordinated, and on what price basis the contract is to be awarded. An important point to remember is that the choice of form of contract cannot usually be settled until the procurement method and the type of contract have been established. This will mean considering of Design responsibility, Coordination responsibility, Price basis, Plan of Work and Assessing the risks. Client Profile Cinnamon Grand is a privately owned large hotel chain in the UK. They offer comfortable accommodation across the UK and are committed to preserving the rich heritage therefore they are very passionate about the outlook of their hotel buildings. Cinnamon Grand have a strategy of adopting neglected landmark buildings and bringing them back to their former magnificent look. Subsequently, the hotel management board (client) is experienced at renovation of buildings. Although Cinnamon Grand is use to dealing with the construction of hotel buildings, they do not have an in-house executive who is either experienced enough or is able to devote sufficient time to advise the reconstruction of their properties. Project Background A recent period of bad weather and severe storms has resulted in three Cinnamon Grand hotels being significantly destroyed in the South East of the UK. All destroyed hotel buildings are located in prime locations in town settings. In August 2012, the hotel management board agreed to reconstruct the destroyed buildings to create a vibrant and attractive environment that can be enjoyed by all. The hotel management is keen on taking this unexpected event as an opportunity to improve the quality of buildings and facilities provided. The design solutions will be developed along similar lines adopted for previous hotel buildings, but the intention is to reconstruct the three hotels to match an existing hotel or even better quality than they were before the severe storm. Although the nature of damage significantly varies from one building to another, all sites will require the demolition of a number of existing structures that are not structurally sound enough to retain and reconstruct. The Client decides to undertake the three buildings under two phases. Phase 1 include roofs, guest rooms, restaurant and swimming pools. Phase 2 include dance studios, health and fitness centre and conference and meeting rooms. Clients Policy Cinnamon Grand have to invest a great deal of time, money and effort to ensure that reconstruction is always sensitive and does not compromise the dignity of the buildings and services provided. Project Budget/ Cost The Client has decided to obtain finance from a Commercial Bank which is estimated at  £120million. Project Schedule/ Time The completion date of Phase 1and 2 are critical, as the buildings require handover by 28thFeb2015 at the very latest, due to the opportunity cost of closing down business following the storm damage. The planned start date on site is 1stMarch2014. Therefore the priority should be given to rapid reconstruction of following key areas of the hotels which makes them re-open to business on 1stApril 2015. Quality (functionality and performance) Quality of the buildings is very important to the Client, as their reputation was founded on quality of accommodation and service. Reconstruction works would have to match an existing hotel or even better. Comparison of Procurement Route Type of route Speed Complexity Quality Flexibility Traditional procurement route Not the fastest of methods. Desirable to have all information at tender stage and consider two stage or negotiated tendering Basically straightforward, but complications can arise if client requires that certain sub-contractors are used. Client requires certain standards to be shown or described. Contractor is wholly responsible for achieving the stated quality on site. Client controls design and variations to a large extent Design and Build procurement route Relatively fast method. Pre-tender time largely depends on the amount of detail in the clients requirements. Construction time reduced because design and building proceed in parallel. An efficient single contractual arrangement integrating design and construction expertise within one accountable organisation. Client has no direct control over the contractors performance. Contractors design expertise may be limited. Client has little say in the choice of specialist sub-contractors. Virtually none for the client once the contract is signed, without heavy cost penalties. Flexibility in developing details or making substitutions is to the contractors advantage. Management procurement route Early start on site is possible, long before tenders have even been invited for some of the works packages. Design and construction skills integrated at an early stage. Complex management operation requiring sophisticated techniques. Client requires certain standards to be shown or described. Managing contractor responsible for quality of work and materials on site. Client can modify or develop design requirements during construction. Managing contractor can adjust programme and costs. Type of method Certainty Competition Responsibility Risk Summary Traditional procurement route Certainty in cost and time before commitment to build. Clear accountability and cost monitoring at all stages. Competitive tenders are possible for all items. Negotiated tenders reduce competitive element. Can be clear-cut division of design and construction. Confusion possible where there is some design input from contractor or sub-contractor or suppliers. Generally fair and balanced between the parties. Benefits in cost and quality but at the expense of time. Design and Build procurement route There is a guaranteed cost and completion date. Difficult for the client to compare proposals which include for both price and design. Direct design and build very difficult to evaluate for competitiveness. No benefit passes to client if contractor seeks greater competitiveness for specialist work and materials. Can be a clear division, but confused where the clients requirements are detailed as this reduces reliance on the contractor for design or performance. Limited role for the clients representative during construction. Can lie almost wholly with the contractor. Benefits in cost and time but at the expense of quality. Management procurement route Client is committed to start building on a cost plan, project drawings and specification only. Management contractor is appointed because of management expertise rather than because his fee is competitive. However competition can be retained for the works packages. Success depends on the management contractors skills. An element of trust is essential. The professional team must be well coordinated through all the stages. Lies mainly with the client almost wholly in the case of construction management. Benefits in time and quality but at the expense of cost. Recommendation to Client We would like to advise client to use design and build procurement route for hotel construction because you do not have in house executive experience in reconstruction of this project. So risk avoidance/allocation is very important for your management. According design and build procurement route, Risk can lie almost wholly with the contractor. Secondly you are concerning about possible project delays and overrun of costs beyond projects budgeted allowances. That why design and build procurement route is fast method because design and building proceed in parallel and reduced the construction time. Also there have guaranteed cost certainty and completion date. So design and procurement route is the most suitable method for this project because this route is benefits in cost and time but at the expense of quality. In this method you have no direct control over the contractors performance and contractors design expertise may be limited. But for quality, your agent or consultant may supervise the works and ensure that the contractors proposals of materials and workmanship are complied with and the work is of the required standard. Based on above reasons, we highly recommend you to use the method of design and build procurement.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Interest Groups :: essays research papers

Interest Groups Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute, Inc. The Congressional Hispanic Caucus was organized in 1976 by five (5) Hispanic Congressmen: Herman Badillo (NY), Baltasar Corrada (PR), E. â€Å"Kika† de la Garza (TX), Henry B. Gonzalez (TX), and Edward Roybal (CA), to monitor legislative and other government activity that affects Hispanics. The Caucus was originally formed to serve as a legislative organization through which legislative action, as well as executive and judicial actions, could be monitored to ensure that the needs of Hispanics were being met. The founders’ goal was to work in conjunction with other groups, both inside and outside Congress, to strengthen the Federal commitment to Hispanic citizens and heighten the Hispanic community’s awareness of the operation and function of the American political system. It was the intention of these five (5) congressmen to develop educational programs and other activities that would increase the opportunities for Hispanics to participate in and contribute to the American political system. To carry out such programs, the Members of Congress established a private, non-partisan, non-profit organization. In 1978, the members of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus (CHS) established a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization to serve as an educational institute whose programs would serve the national Hispanic community. The mission of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute (CHCI) is to develop the nest generation of Latino leaders. Their vision is an educated and civically active Latino community who participates at the local, state, and federal policy decision-making levels. CHCI seeks to accomplish its mission by offering educational and leadership development programs, services, and activities that promote the growth of participants as effective professionals and strong leaders. In the spirit of building coalitions, CHCI seeks to establish partnerships with other Latino and non-Latino organizations. Today the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute, Inc. has developed into an organization whose programs are designed to increase the participation of young Hispanics in both public and private sectors and to foster a network of young Hispanic leaders in government-related areas through the CHCI Alumni Association.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Catholic form of Christianity Essay

The Eastern Orthodox form of Christianity and the Roman Catholic form of Christianity as said to differ on many fundamental issues. Most individuals, in attempting to distinguish between Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, immediately just cite that the differences are in the Pope or Purgatory or even sometimes the filioque. Historically, however, the differences are far more numerous and quite profound. The first fundamental difference between these two religions is on the issue of the fall of man. Roman Catholicism teaches that all humanity is liable for their â€Å"original sin† and that all men are born with â€Å"original sin†. The implications of Adam and Eve’s banishment from the Garden of Eden in the Roman Catholic Faith are that man is born with original sin and nothing more, unlike the beliefs of the Eastern Orthodox, who believe that when Adam sinned against God, he introduced death into the world. The fall of Adam or the fall of man in the view of the Eastern Orthodox form of Christianity signifies the mortality of man and that death highlights the passions in man such as anger, hate, lust and greed which are borne out of the realization of death. Roman Catholicism ignores the Orthodox conception of man as slave to death and instead believes that man’s passions are manipulated by the devil. Another fundamental difference between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism is on the issue regarding the interpretations of canons. In the Roman Catholic faith, canons are rules or guides for governing The Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Church also continually evolves these canons by introducing new ones or revising them to suit the needs of the changing times and cultures. The Eastern Orthodox does not regard these canons as laws, which regulate human relationships or secure human rights. The Orthodoxy views canons as the means of forging the â€Å"new man† or â€Å"new creature† through obedience. Canons are trainings in virtue that are meant to produce holiness. While the Roman Catholic Church, as previously mentioned, currently updates the canons and discards the old ones, the Eastern Orthodox Church Orthodoxy never discards the old ones because of their belief that those cannons were also inspired by the Holy Spirit. Arguably, the most important fundamental difference between the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic forms of Christianity is in the manner of knowing the existence of God. The Eastern Orthodox faith believes that man’s knowledge of God is intrinsic in his nature. Man is born with the knowledge of God because it is inherent in human nature and that is how man knows that God truly exists. This belief also holds that man’s knowledge of God is fixed in nature and man cannot know anything more about the truths of God unless God chooses to reveal this to man. This belief is contrary to the Roman Catholic belief that God’s existence is constantly known, felt and verified by an examination of the other things that God has created in this world. Human reason, as the Roman Catholic Church believes, is capable of knowing and proving the existence of God. Man is capable of beholding the essence of God with his intellect and with the assistance of grace. The Eastern Orthodox Church therefore believes that God’s existence is already known to man by his nature while the Roman Catholic Church establishes the existence of God through man’s use of reason. These Three (3) fundamental differences, fall of man, canons and proof of God’s existence, differentiate what seem to be similar if not identical branches of Christianity. But as many have said, it really does not matter how you worship and revere God in so much as you follow the truths in life such as charity, love, peace and respect for all of mankind.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Records of Births, Marriages, and Deaths in Australia

Records of Births, Marriages, and Deaths in Australia Australia is a country of immigrants and their descendants. Beginning with the establishment of New South Wales as a penal colony in 1788, convicts were sent to Australia from the British Isles. Assisted immigrants (immigrants who had most of their passage paid by the government), coming primarily from the British Isles and Germany, first began arriving in New South Wales in 1828, while unassisted immigrants first arrived in Australia as early as 1792. Prior to 1901, each state of Australia was a separate government or colony. Vital records in a particular state typically begin at the time of the colonys formation, with earlier records (except for Western Australia) found in New South Wales (the original jurisdictional body for Australia). New South Wales The New South Wales  Registry has civil records from March 1, 1856. Earlier church and other vital records, dating back to 1788, are also available, including a Pioneer Index 1788-1888. Registry of Births, Deaths, and Marriages191 Thomas StreetPO Box 30 G.P.O.Sydney, New South Wales 2001Australia(011) (61) (2) 228-8511 Online: NSW Registry of Births, Deaths, and Marriages offers an online, searchable Historical Index of Births, Marriages, and Deaths which covers births (1788-1908), deaths (1788-1978) and marriages (1788-1958). Northern Territory Birth records from August 24, 1870, marriages records from 1871, and death records from 1872 can be ordered from the Office of the Registrar. You can contact them at: Office of the Registrar of Births, Deaths, and MarriagesDepartment of LawNichols PlaceG.P.O. Box 3021Darwin, Northern Territory 0801Australia(011) (61) (89) 6119 Queensland Records from 1890 to the present can be obtained through the Queensland Office of the Registrar General. Birth records for the past 100 years, marriage records for the past 75 years, and death records for the past 30 years are restricted. Check the Web site for current fees and access restrictions. Queensland Registry of Births, Deaths, and MarriagesOld Treasury BuildingPO Box 188Brisbane, North QuayQueensland 4002Australia(011) (61) (7) 224-6222 Online: A free online Queensland BMD historical index search tool allows you to search Queensland birth indexes from 1829-1914, deaths from 1829-1983, and marriages from 1839-1938. If you find an entry of interest, you can download (for a fee) an image of the original register if it is available. Many of the more recent records are still available only in certificate (non-image) form. You can order printed copies to be sent to you via mail/post. South Australia Records from July 1, 1842, are available from the Registrar of South Australia. Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration OfficeDepartment of Public and Consumer AffairsPO Box 1351Adelaide, South Australia 5001Australia(011) (61) (8) 226-8561 Online: Family History South Australia includes a wealth of databases and articles to assist people researching their South Australian family history, including indexes to Early South Australian Marriages (1836-1855) and Gazetted Deaths (sudden deaths) (1845-1941). Tasmania The Registrars office has church registers from 1803 to 1838, and civil records from 1839 to the present. Access to birth and marriage records is restricted for 75 years, and death records for 25 years. Registrar General of Births, Deaths, and Marriages15 Murray StreetG.P.O. Box 198Hobart, Tasmania 7001Australia(011) (61) (2) 30-3793 Online:  The Tasmanian State Archives has several online vital records indexes, including indexes to Tasmanian divorces and convict applications for permission to marry. They also include an online Colonial Tasmanian Family Links Database (an index to records of all births, deaths, and marriages for the period 1803-1899 which were created by the Tasmanian Registrar of Births, Deaths, and Marriages). Victoria Birth certificates (1853-1924), death certificates (1853-1985) and marriage certificates (1853-1942) are available from the Registry, as well as records of church baptisms, marriages, and burials 1836 to 1853. More recent certificates are available with restricted access. Victorian Registry of Births, Deaths MarriagesGPO Box 4332Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia Online: Victoria Registry of Births, Deaths, and Marriages offers, for a fee, an online index and digitized record copies of Victoria Births, Marriages and Deaths for the above mentioned years. Digitized, uncertified images of the original register records can be downloaded immediately to your computer upon payment. Western Australia Compulsory registration of births, deaths, and marriages started in Western Australia in September 1841. Access to more recent records (births 75 years, deaths 25 years, and marriages 60 years) is restricted to the named individual and/or next of kin. Western Australia Registry of Births, Deaths MarriagesPO Box 7720Cloisters SquarePerth, WA 6850 Online: The Western Australia Pioneers Index is accessible online for free searching of consolidated birth, death and marriage indexes for the years between 1841 and 1965. Additional Online Sources for Australian Vital Records The FamilySearch Record Search Web site hosts free searchable indexes of Australian Births and Baptisms (1792-1981), Deaths and Burials (1816-1980) and Marriages (1810-1980). These scattered records do NOT cover the entire country. Only a few localities are included and the time period varies by locality. Search for and locate vital records from across Australia that have been submitted by fellow genealogists at the Australasia Births, Deaths and Marriage Exchange. There are only 36,000 records from Australia and 44,000 from New Zealand, but you might just get lucky! The Ryerson Index includes more than 2.4 million death notices, funeral notices, and obituaries from 169 current Australian newspapers. While the index covers the entire country, the biggest focus is on NSW papers, including more than 1 million notices from the Sydney Morning Herald.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Performance Management

Performance Management In order for organizations to raise the performance levels within the organization, it is important for them to find strategies that will allow them to raise motivation among their employees. This is also a way to ensure that the goals and the objectives of the organization are being met. According to McNamara, PHD, (1999) "performance management can focus on performance of the organization, a department, processes to build a product or service, employees, etc." (p. 1). This paper will establish a performance management program and consider what matters most for measuring employee performance. Lastly, an explanation of the appraisal will be given to explain how it can be used in a variety of positions.According to Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhert, and Wright, (2003) "performance management is the process through which managers ensure that employees' activities and outputs contribute to the organizations goals" (p. 239). Organizations and managers need to determine first what matters most for measuring performance of their employees.20120524-DM-RBN-6075An annual appraisal helps determine if an employee will remain on the job and what employees' need additional job training (Moorty, n.d). An annual performance helps supervisors set goals for the upcoming year, and report employee success in meeting performance expectations (BNET, 2003).Some performance appraisals are done to rank each employee and other are done by breaking down performance to evaluate individual attributes, behaviors or results (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2007). Some performance appraisals methods are comparisons rankings, graphic rating scales, behavioral rating scales, critical incident method and 360 degree feedback. Comparison rankings are done to measure best to worst of an individual performance. Comparison can also be done ranking one employee to another employee's performance. One of the oldest methods used is using graphic rating scales to measure an employee's level of performance. Beh avioral...

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Developing Business Processes and Operations Essay - 1

Developing Business Processes and Operations - Essay Example The organisation implemented a philosophy and culture which they called The Corus Way in order to sustain competitiveness, productivity and profitability. Along with this philosophy is the practice of continuous improvement programmes across the company. Specifically, this paper explores the problems at the Port Talbot Strip Products site. The site was experiencing lost, damaged and stolen equipments in their depot operations. Using quality tools and techniques, this paper arrives at a proposal for using an online computer based material resource programme as well as four recommendations for the improvement of the depot operations in accordance to the Corus Way. Corus Group is an international metals organization. The core competence of the company is providing steel and aluminium products and service to different market sectors. It is one of the top ten steel producers in the world. The customer base of Corus mostly comprises of businesses in the automotive, aerospace, packaging, engineering, building and construction markets (Datamonitor, 2008). Corus Group has operations in thirty different countries reaching over Europe, Asia and other international markets. In Europe, UK is the major market of the organization. The company is headquartered in London and employs 21,300 people in UK. (Datamonitor, 2008) Corus implemented a quality programme to create real value in steel. The programme was named – The Corus Way. Part and parcel of the programme is aiming at adopting world-class processes based on Continuous Improvement. The objective of continuous improvement is to eliminate and prevent waste. The continuous improvement programme focuses on making small improvements across all function. This paper aims at exploring and evaluating a selected business process and operations in Corus, particularly in the Port Talbot Strip

Friday, November 1, 2019

Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Questions - Coursework Example In addition to this, Chief Judge Dolores Cortez should be persuaded to take action or at least support the new court administrator in implementing this policy. Shrinkage is the result of inefficiencies in the production process and the supply chain. By establishing control procedures, the organization can effectively limit shrinkage. The control procedures will ensure that the processes being employed in the production and the supply of the products are viable and effective. The periodic inspections will ensure that the controls that have been established are being implemented and are effective for the purpose for which they have been established. Maintaining inventories ensures that any sudden variation or problem does not disrupt the production or supply process. In simpler terms, the maintenance of inventory allows for a seamless operation. The murderer that I found was Yasir Abdel Said. This murderer is still at large and the police are looking for him. The man brutally murdered his own daughters (AMW). His daughters were good students and appeared to be leading a perfect life. However, later interviews with friends’ of the daughters revealed that from what the friends understood, the daughters were sexually abused by their father and their social lives were strictly controlled (AMW). The man murdered his daughters after asking them to go out with him for dinner as part of his apology for his prior behavior (AMW). Considering the sexual abuse and the murder of girls in cold blood by their own father, the man, if charged should be awarded the death penalty to protect other members of the community at

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Stages of Unbelief. What is Skepticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stages of Unbelief. What is Skepticism - Essay Example What is Skepticism? Skepticism, in philosophical terms, is the point of view, which tackles the philosophical thesis with rational thought and doubtful criticism. According to Gary Gutting in Religious Belief and Religious Skepticism (87), this action leads to thinking and thought, which is based on logic and aimed towards dispute and criticism. Under a narrow view, religious skepticism is considered as that point of view which puts every organized belief or practice, commonly understood as religion, into doubt. This is done through a rational argument on the righteousness, value and ethics of that particular organized religion. Moreover, different philosophers, for example, like Kant, have talked highly about skepticism in their works. Kant has drawn much of his analysis from the works of David Hume, who is regarded as the most formidable skeptic in the history of Western philosophy. Much of Hume’s work on skepticism is drawn from the idea that he endorsed empirical science a nd considered founding the â€Å"science of man† as a heavy project (Thompson n.p.). One, therefore, should understand that when considering skepticism, science would come into debate at a number of times. Since metaphysics is broadly considered to be associated with supernatural, much of Kant’s skepticism draws on the work of metaphysical aspect of philosophy. According to Kant, there are three types of skepticism. These broadly include â€Å"veil of perception†, which seeks legitimacy by drawing inference of the external-mind world to one’s own mental representations. Hence, this concerns metaphysics. Humean skepticism elucidates upon the concepts that are not understood by sensible impressions and knowledge of certain ideas which are not proved by logical law nor known from experience. Therefore, again this concerns much of metaphysics, because the concepts that are not understood from the mind are discussed. Pyrrhonian skepticism establishes a balance between opposing arguments, hence having understanding of both the ideas of knowledge, for example, from the ones who believe in religion, and the ones who do not believe in religion (Forster 1). However, Kant and his approach were against skepticism and his Copernican Revolution tried to fight against skepticism. Kant propagated that religion was largely practice, not theory, and not based on facts, and was something private and subjective. Religion equaled ethics, put simply (Catholic Education n.p.). Christopher Scheitle in â€Å"Religious and Spiritual Change† (59) propagates that skepticism as a whole can be understood in the light of the insight into the way religious people believe blindly in different existing religions in the world. As argued, religious people never criticize their beliefs, because they have this idea that it is a great sin, a contradiction to their religion and that predominantly, it is a sacrilege (Gutting, pp. 93). This promotes the spread of rel igious dogma which leaves no room to doubt over a certain aspect or argue over a certain thing. Hence, followers of religion attempt to blindly follow religion and adopt the ideas of a particular religion as a supreme truth of which no violation can be done. However, they disregard the verity that their beliefs can be paradoxical, confusing, disastrous, unnatural and even antiscientific. This usually occurs because these people communicate with their supernatural being in the most irrational ways which makes their religious beliefs and, hence, religion highly questionable, even to themselves and the society (Zagzebski 212). This religious dogma also gives rise to the fervor of sacrificing their lives for the

Monday, October 28, 2019

International Trade Theories Essay Example for Free

International Trade Theories Essay 1. Theory of Mercantilism Introduction: Mercantilism is a trade theory holing that a country’s wealth is measured by its holdings of â€Å"treasure† which usually means its gold. The mercantilists proposed theory of mercantilism. They were a group of economists who preceded Adam Smith. The foundations of economic thought between 1500 and 1800 were based on mercantilism. Mercantilists believed that the world had a finite store of wealth; therefore, when one country got more, other countries had less. Mercantilists restricted imports and encouraged or subsidized exports as a conscious policy to make their citizens better off. Mercantilists judged the success of trade by the size of the trade balance. Mercantilism was a sixteenth-century economic philosophy that maintained that a country’s wealth was measured by its holdings of gold and silver. This required that the countries to maximize exports and minimize imports. The logic was transparent to sixteenth-century policy makers that if foreigners bought more goods from us than we bought from them, then the foreigners had to pay us the difference in gold and silver, enabling us to amass more treasure. With that treasure we could expand the nation’s global influence. Mercantilists pressed for favorable balance of trade (BOT) or balance of payments (BOP) as against the unfavorable one. In a way it is good because your currency appreciates with mounting surplus on the Fore front, and the country can attract more foreign capital infusion further strengthening the country’s economy, infrastructure, etc. Now China and Japan with enormous favorable BOT and BOP get all the benefits envisaged by mercantilists. According To Adam Smith- -Mercantilism is an economic theory popular in the 1500s and was the biggest reason for Europe’s desire to colonize new lands the theory states that there is a certain amount of wealth in the world and it is in a nations best interest to accumulate it through wealth, a nation can achieve power a country achieves wealth through producing and exporting more good then they import this theory was invented to serve the interest of the empire, not the colony Evaluation of Mercantilism Theory: Mercantilist writers have been lauded and criticized in the literature on foreign trade at least since Hume’s Political Discourses in 1752. Mercantilists have been criticized for everything from their views regarding the gains from trade to their self-promotion of the merchant’s role in society as being important. Mercantilist writers assumed that the economy will generally operate at a pace that leaves resources –land and labor – idle, but in reality the economy naturally tends to full employment. This is a â€Å"flaw† in the logical foundation of mercantilist thought. The regime of WTO has moved the world away from mercantilism by pressing for free trade with reduced protectionism. Theory of Neo-Mercantilism: Mercantilism is still in vogue. Mercantilist policies are politically attractive to some firms and their workers, as mercantilism benefits certain members of society. Modern supporters of these policies are known as neo-mercantilists, or protectionists. The neo-mercantilists want higher production through full employment and that every industry produces an exportable surplus leading to favorable BOT. Consciously or otherwise, every country is concerned about increasing export earnings. The merits of surging Fore surplus built through exports speaks well of a country’s capability to cater to world’s needs qualitatively, quantitatively and in varied product/service ranges. Every country does what is possible to meet this end. But the modern trade emphasis is ‘Export more and Import more’. Finally: The main economic system used during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. The main goal was to increase a nations wealth by imposing government regulation concerning all of the nations commercial interests. It was believed that national strength could be maximized by limiting imports via tariffs and maximizing exports. This approach assumes the wealth of a nation depends primarily on the possession of precious metals such as gold and silver. This type of system cannot be maintained forever, because the global economy would become stagnant if every country wanted to export and no one wanted to import. After a period of time, many people began to revolt against the idea of mercantilism and stressed the need for free trade. Mercantilism is a theory developed by the merchants; hence the name. It rests on the role of a strong state in supporting (state-granted) monopolies and protecting shipping and trading lanes. Mercantilism encourages exports and discourages imports. Gold and silver are used to keep score of the game played between nation-states, and represent the wealth of the nation. _______________________________________________________________ 2. Absolute Advantage theory Introduction: Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, postulated that under free trade, each nation should specialize in producing those goods that it could produce most efficiently. Some of these would be exported to pay for the imports of goods that could be produced more efficiently elsewhere. Smith ridiculed the fear of trade comparing nations to households. Since every household finds it worthwhile to produce only some of its needs and to buy others with products it can seal, the same should apply to nations: It is the maxim of every prudent master of a family, never to attempt to make at home what it will cost him more to make than to buy. The Taylor does not attempt to make his own shoes, but buys them from shoemaker What is prudence in the conduct of every private family, can scarce be folly in that of a great kingdom. If a foreign country can supply us with some part of the product of our own industry, employed in a way in which we have some advantage. The theory of absolute advantage is based on the assumption that the nation is absolutely better (i.e., more efficient) at production of certain goods than are its trading partners. Smith showed by his example of absolute advantage that both nations would gain from trade. ADAM SMITHS TRADE THEORY OF ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE: The first classical theory of international trade was propounded by Adam Smith, the founder of classical economics. His theory is known as the Theory of Absolute Advantage. It may be possible for all the countries to produce all the commodities they need, in spite of resource constraint. But, the cost of production of goods for which a country is deficient in its resources would be exorbitantly high. It is better to import such goods rather than produce them. Most Countries therefore tend to specialize in producing commodities in which they have absolute advantage in cost of production. Therefore, most countries export goods which they can produce at a lower cost and import what they can produce at a higher cost. This common sense logic of international division of labor suggested by Adam Smith marks the beginning of modern theories of foreign trade. The theory of absolute advantage states that the basis of trade between the nations is the absolute advantage a country has in producing a commodity over the other countries. In simple words, two countries are able to trade between them because each one of them is able to produce at least one commodity at a comparatively lower cost. Assumptions: The theory of absolute advantage was advanced to buttress Smiths argument that if there was no government involvement in trade, and if each individual was left to do what in his or her own best interest, then there would be more goods and services available, prices would be reduced, and the wealth of each nation, measured as the welfare of the citizens, would increase. Smiths theory was offered to replace mercantilism. The Theory of Absolute Advantage and the Theory of Comparative Advantage rest on very strong assumptions, as follows: Two countries, two commodities assumed in both theories. The theories are obvious for this case. The three-by-three case (and those beyond) cannot be established analytically, and it is not even clear how the principle should be formalized. (See p. 3 of Ronald Jones, The Positive Theory of International Trade, Handbook of International Economics, R. Jones and P. Kenen (eds.), 1984.) Efficiency objective The Absolute and Comparative Advantage theories assume that total world production, and therefore efficiency, is the objective. Efficiency is not always a country goal. Zero Transportation Costs both theories presume that transportation costs between and within countries are zero. Factor Mobility/Immobility both theories presume that resources are absolutely mobile within a country and absolutely immobile between countries. Full employment Both theories assume full employment in each country. Comparative Advantage versus Absolute Advantage: As we can see from the example above, a country can have a comparative advantage in producing a good even if it is absolutely less efficient at producing that good. To understand this more clearly, think of an example of a doctor in private practice: A young doctor opens her own practice, working by herself, and within a few months has developed a substantial clientele. At first, she was performing all her clerical work—filing, typing and answering the phone—by herself. With an ever-busier schedule, however, she realizes that she could spend more time seeing patients, and thus see a greater number of patients, if she hired an assistant. As it turns out, the young professional is not only a brilliant doctor, but is also lightning-fast at typing and filing. She is, in fact, better at doing both jobs than the clerical assistant she hires. In other words, she has an absolute advantage at both tasks: medical diagnosis and clerical work. Does it make sense then for the doctor and her assistant to share both tasks, each spending part of the day diagnosing patients and doing clerical work? The answer is no. By having the assistant perform all the clerical work, the doctor is able to maximize her specialization and see more patients. The patients are undoubtedly better off too. In other words, even though the assistant is worse at performing both tasks, an economist would say that he nonetheless has a comparative advantage at clerical work. As you can see, by working together – trading their services – the doctor and the assistant are able to maximize their skills, making both better off. As these examples show, trade allows countries to specialize in the production of what they do best and make the most efficient use of their resources, thereby decreasing the price of both goods. No matter how inefficiently a country produces every kind of good, it can always be said to have a comparative advantage in at least one of those goods. That is the theory of comparative and absolute advantage. It helps explain what happens in the real world of international trade, and it offers broad guidance to countries as they decide which goods and services to produce and subsequently export, and which, in turn, to import. Trade in Theory and Practice: In reality, of course, trade specialization does not work precisely the way the theory of comparative advantage might suggest, for a number of reasons: No country specializes exclusively in the production and export of a single product or service. All countries produce at least some goods and services that other countries can produce more efficiently. A lower income country might, in theory, be able to produce a particular product more efficiently than the United States can but still not be able to identify American buyers or transport the item cheaply to the United States. As a result, U.S. firms continue to manufacture the product. Finally: The Scottish economist Adam Smith developed the trade theory of absolute advantage in 1776. A country that has an absolute advantage produces greater output of a good or service than other countries using the same amount of resources. Smith stated that tariffs and quotas should not restrict international trade; it should be allowed to flow according to market forces. Contrary to mercantilism Smith argued that a country should concentrate on production of goods in which it holds an absolute advantage. No country would then need to produce all the goods it consumed. The theory of absolute advantage destroys the mercantilist idea that international trade is a zero-sum game. 3. Comparative Advantage theory Introduction: David Ricardo, in 1817, enunciated his refinement of Smiths concept by postulating the principle of comparative advantage (as opposed to Smiths concept of absolute advantage). The theory of comparative advantage states that even if a country is able to produce all its good at lower costs than another country can, trade still benefits both countries, based on comparative costs. His writings demonstrated what has become known as: the principle of comparative advantage: a nation, like a person, gains from the trade by exporting the goods or services in which it has its greatest comparative advantage in productivity and importing those in which it has the least comparative advantage. The key word is comparative, meaning relative and not necessarily absolute. There are gains from trade whenever the relative price ratios of two goods differ under international exchange for what would be under conditions of no trade. In addition, the theory of comparative advantage demonstrates that countries jointly benefit from trade (under the assumption of both goods). With the theory of absolute advantage, Ricardos theory of comparative advantage does not answer why production cost differ within each country and also no consideration is given to the possibility of producing the same goods with different combinations of factors. Assumption: A situation in which a country, individual, company or region can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than a competitor. This theory that global efficiency gains may still result from trade if a country specializes in those products it can produce more efficiently than other products-regardless of whether other countries can produce those same products even more efficiently. It denotes gains from trade will occur even in a country that has absolute advantage in all products because the country must give up less efficient output to produce more efficient output. Assumptions underlying the concept of comparative advantage Perfect occupational mobility of factors of production resources used in one industry can be switched into another without any loss of efficiency Constant returns to scale (i.e. doubling the inputs in each country leads to a doubling of total output) No externalities arising from production and/or consumption Transportation costs are ignored comparative advantage and international trade: Comparative advantage exists when a country has a margin of superiority in the production of a good or service i.e. where the opportunity cost of production is lower. The basic theory of comparative advantage was developed by David Ricardo Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage was further developed by Heckscher, Ohlin and Samuelson who argued that countries have different factor endowments of labor, land and capital inputs. Countries will specialize in and export those products which use intensively the factors of production which they are most endowed. If each country specializes in those goods and services where they have an advantage, then total output and economic welfare can be increased (under certain assumptions). This is true even if one nation has an absolute advantage over another country. Worked example of comparative advantage consider the data in the following table: | Pre-Specialization | CD Players | Personal Computers | | UK | 2,000 | 500 | | Japan | 4,000 | 2,000 | | Total Output | 6,000 | 2,500 | After trade has taken place, total output of goods available to consumers in both countries has grown. UKs consumption of CD players has increased by 200 and they have an extra 100 PCs. For Japan, they have an extra 200 CD players and 200 PCs. If businesses exploit increasing returns to scale (i.e. economies of scale) when they specialize, the potential gains from trade are much greater. The idea that specialization should lead to increasing returns is associated with economists such as Paul Romer and Paul Ormerod Determinants regarding comparative advantage: Comparative advantage is a dynamic concept. It can and does change over time. Some businesses find they have enjoyed a comparative advantage in one product for several years only to face increasing competition as rival producers from other countries enter their markets. For a country, the following factors are important in determining the relative costs of production: The quantity and quality of factors of production available (e.g. the size and efficiency of the available labor force and the productivity of the existing stock of capital inputs). If an economy can improve the quality of its labor force and increase the stock of capital available it can expand the productive potential in industries in which it has an advantage. Investment in research development (important in industries where patents give some firms significant market advantage) for more information on this have a look at this page Movements in the exchange rate. An appreciation of the exchange rate can cause exports from a country to increase in price. This makes them less competitive in international markets. Long-term rates of inflation compared to other countries. For example if average inflation in Country X is 4% whilst in Country B it is 8% over a number of years, the goods and services produced by Country X will become relatively more expensive over time. This worsens their competitiveness and causes a switch in comparative advantage. Import controls such as tariffs and quotas that can be used to create an artificial comparative advantage for a countrys domestic producers- although most countries agree to abide by international trade agreements. Non-price competitiveness of producers (e.g. product design, reliability, quality of after-sales support) Criticisms: However, the principle of comparative advantage can be criticized in a several ways: †¢ It may overstate the benefits of specialization by ignoring a number of costs. These costs include transport costs and any external costs associated with trade, such as air and sea pollution. †¢ The theory also assumes perfect mobility of factors without any diminishing returns. The reality may be very different. Output from factor inputs is likely to be subject to diminishing returns. This will make the PPF for each country non-linear and bowed outwards. †¢ Complete specialization might create structural unemployment as some workers cannot transfer from one sector to another. †¢ Relative prices and exchange rates are not taken into account in the simple theory of comparative advantage. For example if the price of X rises relative to Y, the benefit of increasing output of X increases. †¢ Comparative advantage is not a static concept it may change over time. For example, nonrenewable resources can slowly run out, increasing the costs of production, and reducing the gains from trade. †¢ Many countries strive for food security, meaning that even if they should specialise in non-food products, they still prefer to keep a minimum level of food production. †¢ Finally, the principle of comparative advantage is derived from a simple two good/two country model. The real world is far more complex, with countries exporting and importing many different goods and services. Finally: It seems obvious that if one country is better at producing one good and another country is better at producing a different good (assuming both countries demand both goods) that they should trade. What happens if one country is better at producing both goods? Should the two countries still trade? This question brings into play the theory of comparative advantage and opportunity costs. The everyday choices that we make are, without exception, made at the expense of pursuing one or several other choices. When you decide what to wear, what to eat for dinner, or what to do on Saturday night, you are making a choice that denies you the opportunity to explore other options. ______________________________________________________________ 4. Heckscher-Ohlin theory Introduction: the Heckscher–Ohlin theorem is one of the four critical theorems of the Heckscher–Ohlin model. It states that a country will export goods that use its abundant factors intensively, and import goods that use its scarce factors intensively. In the two-factor case, it states: A capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good, while the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good. Definition: This theory said that differences in countries’ endowment of labor compared to their endowment of land or capital explain differences in the cost of production factors. Assumption: The critical assumption of the Heckscher–Ohlin model is that the two countries are identical, except for the difference in resource endowments. This also implies that the aggregate preferences are the same. The relative abundance in capital will cause the capital-abundant country to produce the capital-intensive good cheaper than the labor-abundant country and vice versa. Initially, when the countries are not trading: the price of capital-intensive good in capital-abundant country will be bid down relative to the price of the good in the other country, the price of labor-intensive good in labor-abundant country will be bid down relative to the price of the good in the other country.Once trade is allowed, profit-seeking firms will move their products to the markets that have (temporary) higher price. As a result: the capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good, the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good. Features of the model: †¢ Relative endowments of the factors of production (land, labor, and capital) determine a countrys comparative advantage. Countries have comparative advantages in those goods for which the required factors of production are relatively abundant locally. This is because the profitability of goods is determined by input costs. Goods that require inputs that are locally abundant will be cheaper to produce than those goods that require inputs that are locally scarce. †¢ For example, a country where capital and land are abundant but labor is scarce will have comparative advantage in goods that require lots of capital and land, but little labor — grains. If capital and land are abundant, their prices will be low. As they are the main factors used in the production of grain, the price of grain will also be low—and thus attractive for both local consumption and export. Labor intensive goods on the other hand will be very expensive to produce since labor is scarce and its price is high. Therefore, the country is better off importing those goods. Factor Proportions Theory: Trade theory, like all of economic theory, changed drastically in the first half of the twentieth century. The factor proportions theory developed by the Swedish economist Eli Heckscher and later expanded by his former graduate student Bertil Ohlin formed the major theory of international trade that is widely is still widely accepted today. Whereas Smith and Ricardo emphasized a labor theory of value the factor proportions theory was based on a more modern concept of production that raised capital to the same level of importance as labor. Factor Intensity in Production: The factor intensity in production theory considered two factor of production, labor and capital. Technology determines the way they combine to form a product. Different products required different proportions of the two factors of production. It is easy to see how the factor proportions of how a product is produced differs substantially among groups of products. For the manufacturing of leather footwear is still a relatively labor intensive process even with the most sophisticated leather treatment and patterning machinery. Other products such as computer memory chips, however although requiring some highly skilled labor require massive quantities of capital for production and development and the manufacturing facilities needed for clean production to ensure the extremely high quality demanded in the industry. The concept of factor proportions is very useful in the comparison of the production processes of goods. According to factor proportions theory, factor intensities depend on the state of technology and the current method of manufacturing a product. The theory assumed that the same technology of production would be used for the same goods in all countries. It is not therefore differences in the efficiency of production that will determine trade between countries at it did in classical theory. Classical theory implicitly assumed that technology or the productivity of labor is different across countries. Otherwise there would be no logical explanation as to why one country requires more units of labor to produce a unit of output than another country. Factor proportions theory assumed no such productivity differences. Factor Endowments, Factor Prices, And Comparative Advantage: If there is no difference in technology or productivity of factors across countries, what then determines comparative advantage in production and export? The answer is that factor prices determine cost differences. And these prices are determined by the endowments of labor and capital the country possesses. The theory assumes that labor and capital are immobile, meaning they cannot move across country borders. Therefore the countrys endowment determines the relative costs of labor and capital as compared to other countries. Each country is defined or measured by the amount of labor and capital that it possesses. If a country has when compared with other countries more labor and less capital it would be characterized as relatively labor abundant. That which is more plentiful is cheaper; so a labor abundant country would therefore have relatively cheap labor. For a country such as China possesses a relatively large endowment of labor and a relatively smaller endowment of capital. At the same time Japan is a relatively capital abundant country with a relatively smaller endowment of labor. China possesses relatively cheaper labor and should therefore specialize in the production and export of labor intensive products. Japan possesses relatively cheap capital and should specialize in the production and export of capital intensive products. Comparative advantage is derived not from the productivity of a country, but from the relative abundance of its factors of production. Using these assumptions, factor proportions theory stated that a country should specialize in the production and export of those product that use intensively its relatively abundant factor. (i) A country that is relatively labor abundant should specialize in the production of relatively labor intensive goods. It should then export these labor intensive goods in exchange for capital intensive goods. (ii) A country that is relatively capital abundant should specialized in the production of relatively capital intensive goods. It should then export these capital intensive goods in exchange for labor intensive goods. Finally: The Heckscher-Ohlin theory states that international and interregional differences in production costs occur because of differences in the supply of production factors: Commodities requiring for their production much of [abundant factors of production] and little of [scarce factors] are exported in exchange for goods that call for factors in the opposite proportions. Thus indirectly, factors in abundant supply are exported and factors in scanty supply are imported (Ohlin, 1933).These simple statements lead to an important conclusion: under free trade, countries export the products that use their scarce factors intensively and imports the products using their scarce factors intensively.