Tuesday, April 30, 2019

The Broadway Caf Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Broadway Caf - Research Paper ExampleThis paper tends to discuss certain market strategies that can be effectively applied in Broadway Cafe so as to bring it back to the mainstream of profitable melodic linees. sphere of e- vocation In order to operate the activities of Broadway Cafe in an efficient manner, it is necessary to design a darling website that would provide customers with relevant information regarding the Cafe and its products/services. The website must provide 24 hours live support to customers with heart to satisfy their needs. The firm can also collect customer feedback which is an essential asset of any types of business for further expansion (MBD 1, e-business). The firm must heed genuine concern to cultural sen termnts while relations with diverse customer groups. At the same time the relevance of personal opinions have to be scrutinized hygienic prior to decision making. For instance, an anonymous persons feedback shows that he did not like the presence of the children at the Cafe. The opinion obviously depends on the individuals social outlook which is of little relevance to applicative side of the business. If the company bans children from the Cafe in order to meet an individuals content, the firm get out lose a large group of family customers. The website must be attractive enough to retain the customers as well as to attract impertinently prospects. According to the report of Yankee group, website traffic is the main cypher which determines the effectiveness of the companys website (MBD 2, Competitive advantage). However, large degree of website traffic would not necessarily mark large sales. Therefore, company must gradually assess the income generated from website traffic along with the number of acquisition of new customers and reduction in customer care calls so as to determine the success or disaster of the website. The above discussed points are the primary requirements for a business website whereas the actual bus iness expansion necessitates some advanced concepts. Firstly, the company must provide e-business facilities to their customer so that they can order required products through online motion (e-business). People today wish to have immediate access to products and services in minimum time at less expense. Since the credit card using prepaid delivery system has simplified business transactions across the globe, this feasibility has been identified as one of the competitive advantages of modern firms. Customer memory In addition, Broadway Cafe should also arrange supply vehicles with employees in order to deliver ordered goods at the destinations right time. If the consumers are satisfied with the service, they will not switch their demand to other brands. As subprogram of the business expansion, Broadway Cafe can also take advantage of the website in dealing with their suppliers. The website would help to act with the suppliers in an effective way so that various costs associated with supply can be minimise to some extent. The website can also be deployed in order to ensure more conveniences to its employees. The application program of e-banking would aid the company to easily cope with the payroll dealings and it would also enable the company to freeze off the difficulties associated with the manual clerical work (United Bank). Company website is the best channel for conducting

Monday, April 29, 2019

Interactive Training of Hospitality Operations Personnel Essay

synergistic Training of Hospitality Operations Personnel - Essay ExampleThe rise in employee turnover cost and the increased use of technology in the industry further emphasizes the need for training (Sheldon and Gee, 1987).Internet base interactive training programs (an umbrella term that includes both computer based and multi-media training) of hospitality operations staff provides access to on-demand training, introduce of each trainees progress, as well as in-depth reporting of each trainee (hotelonline.com, 2000). The training is provided with an interactive format that includes text, elan vital and audio. A successful interactive training program in the hospitality sector ensures consistency in providing a quality environment for employees, guests and visitors. It is a cost effective way of upgrading skills of hospitality personnel, the benefit of which roll in the hay be visible from consistent and quality delivery of essential guest services and avoidance of whatever li tigious situation.In the present age of IT dominance, interactive training of hospitality personnel is an integral furcate of the industry without which introduction of technologies in the hospitality sector would not have the desired result. ... With new innovations in the IT sector, more and more hotels are equipping themselves with the tools of modern technology to ensure global connectivity to their customers, particularly corporeal executives. Without upgrading, the knowledge and skills of hospitality personnel rapidly gets outdated. In the competitive atmosphere of modern day hotels it is essential to satisfy and win the loyalty of each customer. A satisfied customer apart from becoming potential customer for the future may also bring in more customers through positive multiplier effect (Duprey & Kearsley, 2005). In the new e-economy, the value of human capital, meaning mainly employees skills, competencies, and knowledge is greater than any(prenominal) other form of busin ess capital and can crucially drive competitive advantage (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990). make up in skills leads to improved performance which enables the employer to meet the needs of the employees also helping in retention of the odd talent.No hotels can have excellent operations without excellent employees and that requires excellent human resource practices (Siguaw & Enz, 2000, p.48). humane resource skills have always been an important element in the hospitality industry. Friendliness and a willingness to coiffe others are the tools of the hotel trade, and training is the sharpener that refines the tools into hospitality machines (Higley, 2004). Proper attitude starts with management and ends with diffusing it to all the staff of the hotel. It is of last importance to make right impression at the front desk which is reflected through a positive, outgoing and well-disposed attitude and also through efficient service. Increasingly intense competition, high customer expectations and retaining

Sunday, April 28, 2019

The support of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Case Study

The stomach of scurvy and ordinary-sized Enterprises - Case Study ExampleFurthermore, Marjolein and Henny (2005) indicated that SMEs Support in most countries has been motivated by the belief that this choke generates much employment, encourages people, and is widely provide good opportunities to develop new business organization, and to enhance its competitiveness within effectivity performance.In the same manner as varied definitions have been given to small and medium enterprises throughout the entire globe, the questioner has also discovered the different ways by which governments choke them. According to Sissenich (2007), the terminus of the support given to SMEs in different countries have been a very popular area for research as this has been considered to be of paramount importance to the success of the SMEs which could in turn, bring about positive benefits for the sparing harvest-home and development of these countries. For instance, the Chinese Central Bank has adopted several measures by which they could help in lessening the difficulties being experienced by the Small and Medium Enterprises in the arena. In general, the said support is firmly anchored on four specific policies that are friendly and of paramount importance to the Small and Medium Enterprises. ... he other hand, shows that governments in Africa does not provide any support for the Small and Medium Enterprises for the country thereby contributing to the failure of such in their country. According to the said author, the absence of the said support has been relatively detrimental to the countrys economic growth and development. The stem entitled Saudis give priority for developing SME welkin (2005) showed that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been giving paramount importance to the SME sector since 2005. According to the said report, the country has fixed top priority on the said development as a result of their accession to the mankind Trade Organization. For the author ities in the country, much effort must be given to the reinvigoration and strengthening of the brutal of the Small and Medium Enterprises as they are the backbone of their economy thus illustrating their importance for the economic growth and development of the kingdom (Saudis give priority for developing SME Sector, 2005). However, there are some aspects of efforts and decisions have been do by the government and private sectors in Saudi Arabia to encourage citizens to establish small to medium- sized businesses. bingle of these significant decision and extension of support for SMEs in the mentioned state has recently been announced by kind Resources Development Fund (2009) that the (HRDF) decided to provide the applicants, who have already passed the phases of establishing small or medium business and have already received the loan, SR three thousand per month during the first tow years, in order to supply the essential requirements during establishment stage away from the pre judice to the capital. Also the same report listed several organizations that support SMEs, such as Technical and

Saturday, April 27, 2019

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Response paper - Essay ExampleAlthough the demise of the Aztec empire opened up the New World for European settlers, it is a tragic event when seen from the viewpoint of the natives. Their millennia long indigenous finis and civilization was abruptly and most violently cut short by the foreign conquest. In my opinion, quite than merely being a historical fact, this tragic facet to this historical episode should serve as a warning for contemporary politicians and policymakers, and make them realize that greedy ventures lead to humanitarian losses. I would exchangeable them to understand that while Spain and later European contingencies benefited from this conquest, from broader perspective humanity was the loser.A nonher aspect of the maintain I was most impressed with is its objectivity. Although author Miguel Leon-Portilla was trained in western scholarly tradition, his analysis and presentation does not betray this fact. At the same time, the empathy shown toward the disadvanta ged Aztecs is matter of fact and not melodramatic. In this regard I like the subaltern approach adopted by the author in constructing history. I appraise this book for features such as these. The extensive research conducted by the author is overly quite impressive. Not lonesome(prenominal) did he peruse primary sources for gathering evidence (which are in indigenous Aztec language), he also gives numerous cross references for further study, which is useful for college students like me. The detailed list of bibliographical entries at the blockade of the book is another handy feature.As I read through the book, I was able to appreciate the effort that went into researching this book. For example, previous to this work there was scarce scholarship on pre-Columbian culture in Mexico and the Americas. This book fills that void that its value cannot be overstated. The author also succeeds in bringing lots

Friday, April 26, 2019

Leisure and Recreation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leisure and Recreation - Essay Example also what new ideas you would bring to that particular sports program. Worth 25 points b) Is there one thing that youve learned this disembowel that has changed your mind well-nigh recreation? What is it? How did it change your perception of recreation? pardon in a tokenish of 350 words. Give a strong defense of your point of view. Tell me and your classmates why you feel strongly about your position. Worth 25 points Answer these 3 Questions on Leisure and Recreation (Question 1) What are the benefits of leisure to you? Explain? (Question 2) In your personal life, do you leave enough time for leisure and recreation. If so, what do you like to do? Explain. (Question 3) What trends do you see in the future for leisure and recreation? Without a doubt, instructional sports are vital to the development of any organization. Instructional sports incorporate discipline, organization, and vital teamwork that is necessary in to thrive in real-life. It influences individuals to emphasis and train on a consistent basis and enjoy the competitive nature of it. In addition, instructional sports are pivotal it enables children to grasp rules and tactics that are associated with sports. It develops knowledge and skill that are undoubtedly of the essence(p) if an individual wants to pursue particular sport as their profession. One key element that is vital in instructional sports that is not found in any other recreation is the fact that it builds leading and collaboration. These leadership skills are vital as they cultivate an aura of experience that most children lack in their life. With experience, individuals spate portray their willingness to perform and excel in sports. However, the challenge in recreation sports is to seek instructors and tutors who truly witness the game and know how to mentor individuals. Without proper mentoring, individuals will not be able to taste the lawful essence of instructional sports. These dyn amic skills enable individuals to mature and embed these crucial skills in real life. Hence, instructional sports are critical since they are a foundation of forming discipline, organization, and collaboration. In order to enhance instructional sports, I would bring professional athletes to mentor these kids. I truly believe that these athletes possess experience and instincts that canful be truly valuable to this program. In addition, I would give incentives for students if they achieve certain milestones. For instance, if they are playing competitive football, merits would be based on goals achieved in their position. Moreover, I would try to attach the socialization agent with instructional sports. Instructional sports require team dynamics. Thus, permiting peers to collaborate with each other in a social milieu can truly add a new aspect to instructional sports. Lastly, I would add applied science to instructional sports, visual game simulation to mimic real life situations in a skilful setting. My perception of recreation has changed in many ways. First and foremost is the fact that recreation sports do allow individuals to experience their passion for sports and compete at a decent lever. Many individuals dream of competing at a professional stage. Unfortunately, they might not possess the talent to play in the professional standard, but they can portray the love of the game through intramural sports. Individuals who have other priorities can truly scotch in recreational sports without feeling the pressure of succeeding.

Thursday, April 25, 2019

Taxation Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Taxation Law - Essay ExampleIt is important to note that perpetual form of concern has some elements of a contractual type. This is because both parties have to agree on work done, how it is to be done, recompense among other things.There are several factors that should be deeply searched at when determining whether one is an employee or is self-employed. Top among those factors is the Terms of Employment. It is important to analyse the substance of a contract rather than only look at its wording. In Ferguson v Dawson1 the judge found that workers would be self-employed only and would thus avoid deduction of income tax and insurance from their salaries. Plaintiff worked on the defendants building site. He argued that he was an employee when he suffered an injury and could recover damages for breach of statutory duties. The judge held that the actual nature of their kinship was that of an employer/employee and plaintiff could recover damages. It is essential that courts exercise their power in a keen way. This ensures that they cannot be maltreated when the plaintiff wishes to be compensated whilst he had readily chosen to be employed as an individual contractor in order to avoid tax. Sebastian is under no legal or contractual arrangement to accept any of the projects offered and, therefore, no contract exists between him and Giga Systems Limited.Control is also a factor that should be considered in trying to make out the existence of the employer/employee relationship. In a typical master/retainer relationship, the master has total control over the actions of his servant. Bramwell LJ in Yewenes v Noakes2 statedThe control can be seen in employment relationships where the employer exercises total control over the actions of his employee. It, therefore, emerges that such a relationship exists where an employer tells his employee what to do and how to do it. While the test may still be in use, it appears to be outdated. This is due to the simple designer that

IMF (International Monetary Fund) from 2007 to present using Research Paper - 1

IMF (International Monetary Fund) from 2007 to present using global business perspective - Research Paper ExampleBut, with changing world scenario, various European countries, lacquer as well as emerging economies like India, China, Korea, etc. have reduced the dominance of the States as they are following the same footprint (Hill, 2010). For example, share of FDI of the companies of developing world have change magnitude from less than 1 percent in 1980 to as high as 15 percent in 2008, while the share of USA based companies have declined from near 40 percent in 1980 to 18 percent in 2008(approximately) (Hill, 2010).The governmental scenario has also changed in this changed economic situation. The political dominance of US is no under great threat in this increasing merchandise economy. Many European countries that were Communist preferably and Some Asian countries have undertaken democratic politics and stressed on building free market economies. Hence, transnational busines ses are getting more and more opportunities to enter these economies that have in turn alter these economies. (Hill, 2010)In this globalized world, importance of global institutions has increased significantly in maintaining order in various economic and political fields. IMF is one of such institutes which hold an important position in this changing economic and political environment. In fact, it is helping this process of change by its policies. IMF is responsible for maintaining order and stability in the international pecuniary system. The performance of international businesses to a large extent depends on the operation of international monetary system. If this system operates properly, then, the risks associated with international business operation reduce significantly. This paper will place its focus on some important issues relating to IMF policies and its scandals since 2007 as IMF activities is closely related to the performance of international businesses. (Hill, 2010) Since 2007, a number of issues relating to IMF activities is expenditure mentioning

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Journal - Essay ExampleI did non particularly like the essay in terms of proving its point with scientific evidence, alone I do agree with its basic argument that rational punishment, even and particularly in the form of the occasional spanking, is practiced for a childs well-being as its replaces the p arent in the role of authority.I piddle been interested in the creation of alternative power for a long time and braid generators are one of my major areas of interest. I have my own concerns regarding them, such as what will happen to jumper lead patterns like the jetstream if enough of these towers are erected. I base this opinion on the effects that have taken place at Niagara Falls as a result of the construction of large buildings that prevent the wind from doing its job. The author uses logos combined with authority to argue his three main points against wind power, indicating that these are non exclusive of any other concern but merely some of the more pressing issues t hat essential be addressed. I liked the article because I thought it was very straightforward in its video display of facts and concerns while not getting too detailed for the amount of space available.This essay was of interest to my behavior because I am at least as affected by the capitalistic world I live in as the author of this story. The difference is that he is able to get away to a silent retreat when he wants to and I am usually pretty much trapped deep down the noise and bustle of the city. I dont have a cabin to go to but I can certainly appreciate the value he places on his. The author uses pathos and simile to create a mood of quiet celebration of something that we usually take for granted. By appealing to the emotions of his readers and associating the move fall and the sounds it makes to a festival, the author is able to foster a sense of appreciation for the free rain that still

Tuesday, April 23, 2019

Motivation and emotion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Motivation and emotion - Assignment ExampleMotivations are sometimes called instincts, and they help us survive. Emotions are expressions of selves and they are indicators of feelings and psychological dispositions of persons. To pick up more of them, questions were posed and then answered. Do you consider yourself a sensation seeker? Why or why not? What are the advantages and disadvantages of your level of sensation seeking? According to the Sensation Seeking plate by Zuckerman, I found out that may level is high. This means that I am more adventurous than most people. According to psychologists, individuals with high SSS enjoy new experiences, and they engage in more endangermenty sports, occupations and hobbies. These individuals also seek variety in sexual experiences and drug experiences (Atkinson, 1993). They also have little phobias, prefer exotic foods and gamble more. Basically, being a sensation seeker is being a risk taker. The main advantage of this trait is that l earning is very concrete and hands-on. As they say, learning is not curb to the four walls of the classroom and by experiencing new things, learning is optimum. This is because the sensory faculties get stimulated. It was noted that sense excitant increases ones ability for normal perception and intellectual functioning.

Monday, April 22, 2019

Group Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Group Plan - Essay recitation365). A more recent research conducted by Reynolds, Chen and Herbers (2009) indicates that mobility can not only force disciples academic performance but can also increase the risk of dropping out. This study examined the consequences of learner mobility for academic performance and dropout rates in 16 research studies conducted from 1990-2008. Result findings indicate that student mobility accounted for a 1/3 higher rate of both academic under achievement and drop-out rates (1). Rumberger (2002) advices that since cypher can be done closely mobility the best response is to inform students and their families of the difficulties that are associated with changing schools and how to lower them (p.1). Specifically, Rumberger (2002) recommends that schools should be prepared in advance for the reception of highly mobile students in order to advance the transitioning process the moment they arrive. Moreover, schools should set up ongoing activities and procedures to address the needs of the new student (Rumberger 2002, p. 2). This gathering plan is therefore guided by Rumbergers advice and the documented evidence of the propensity for academic underperformance of students in regular or frequent transition. ... It is difficult to predict the number of students that result be participating in each session, but it is expected to have at least five students and could be as lots as twenty. At any rate, teacher representatives from each grade will be asked to participate in the group plan as a means of ensuring that incoming students and their parents/guardians can address any concerns about the curriculum and anything specific to their grade. These teachers are also expected to provide reassurance that they are there for the students and their parents/guardians and when and where they can be contacted. Academic dean, Arthur Baldridge will also be asked to participate in the sessions as frequently as possible. His share is merely to introduce himself and to make himself available to students and their parents/guardians. How Members will be selected Members will be selected by book of facts to the enrolment register. The enrolment register will inform of new and incoming students. Staff will be selected from among teachers and counsellors based on expertize and availability. The Academic Dean is very important because he administers and plans according to goals set for the student and the academic needs of the students. By participating in the group plan, the Academic Dean will focalize special attention on the academic needs of transitioning students. Logistics The sessions will be conducted once a hebdomad for one hour per session for six weeks. The sessions will be held in discussion form and since questionnaires will be distributed in the first and last sessions, it is best to hold the sessions in a classroom. Leadership Skills As a leader of this

Sunday, April 21, 2019

Citrobacter freundii Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Citrobacter freundii - Lab Report ExampleThe biosphere is characterized by the heading of microorganisms allover which invariably impacts on the environment they are growing. Microorganisms are present in the air, disgrace, plants and animals and their presence washbasin be harmful, adept or inapparent with respect to human measure. Pathogenic microorganisms are known to cause diseases to the swarm animal while opportunistic microorganisms stay in a healthy host for longer detail without causing illness the immune system of the host is suppressed. However some microorganisms are very beneficial as they are used in biotechnological processes, soil and to degrade waste. This paper focuses on experiment for closing off and identification of Citrobacter freundii bacterium.The bacterium Citrobacter freundii is an opportunistic pathogen belonging to the family of Enterobacteriaceae and was first identified by Gillen and Werkman in 1932 from soil extracts (Leboffe & Pierce, 2011). It is a long rod shaped facultative anaerobic gram-negative bacilli bacterium characterized by umpteen long flagella to aid its movement though others are none motile. C. freundii is rod shaped between 1um diam and 2-6um in length with optimum growth temperature of 370C and produces gas and acid as a result of sugar catabolism (MicrobeWiki, 2011). The habitat for Citrobacter freundii includes food, water, soil, sewage and the intestinal tracts of both human and animals (MicrobeWiki, 2011). The diverse habitat upon which this bacterium asshole grow is mainly due to its ability to metabolize citrate and lactose as the main sources of carbon.Citrobacter freundii is characterized by various opportunistic infections including a variety of nosocomial infections of the respiratory tract, blood, urinary tract and other barren sites in patients with suppressed immune system (MicrobeWiki, 2011). Research has revealed that C. freundii is responsible for over 29% of all the opportunistic inf ections (Leboffe & Pierce, 2011). It is therefore

Saturday, April 20, 2019

Nielsen Nugget Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nielsen Nugget - Case reputation ExampleAlso, according to competitiveness, it has the lowest yet it constitutes of the large amount spent by consumers compared to other segments. thusly more targets to this attitudinal group will help the company to take the advantage of the slight growth in the market.Based on the behavior of different consumer under different conditions, among those who use the Premium people reference of coffee, the old singles and couples would be appropriate to target with processions. This is because they compose of the largest race in the market and by attracting them to use premium people more sales will be realized and thereof awing noodles would be able to take the advantage of the slight growth in the coffee market. Some of the promotion strategies that could be used in this demographic segment includes better and enhanced packaging, better distribution strategies, point marketing, advertising, publicity and sales promotion. This will ensure that the target demographic group has all the information regarding the product, hence they will consume more of it. These promotions will also make the product more competitive and hence the profitability of the product will be enhanced.The other demographic group to target with promotions would be offspring families because this comprises of the second largest consumers in the market, if most of them could turn to the use of the product, more profits would be realized.Know somewhat the composition of the population and their income trends in the global market and how they affect marketers. This will help in selecting the vanquish strategy of marketing and the channel of distribution of the product Premium people.It is important to consider and understand how the population growth is shifting in different areas and for different age groups. This will help the awesome bean company to plan for the future. It will also help to cope with competition as demand changes with a change in pop ulation.Distribution

Friday, April 19, 2019

Essay of the Korean film my wife is a gangster(2001)

Of the Korean film my wife is a mobster(2001) - Essay Examplenot only revive the Korean cinema with the predominant lineament of gangster movies but also with the concern of gender representations which was something that the Korean movies hadnt seen before.Gangster movies have been a common aspect of the Korean films but the Korean film industry has seen a significant tack since the release of mega-hit movies such as My Wife is a Gangster and My Sassy Girl. These films had changed the perception of gangster movies in the Korean culture as they involved an improved representation of women in the society (Choi, 2010). The film showed a female gangster who is looking for a husband to fulfill the wish of her dying sister. The woman solely ordered her supervisors to look for an confiscate man and when they found one, he is seen teaching her how to behave like an appropriate woman. The female gangster, Eun-jin is usually seen suppressing her husband and avoiding to do the homely chor es that she is expected to do as a wife. She gets gravid and at the same times gets in deeper trouble with her doings as a gangster.Traditionally, the representation of women and gangster movies in the Korean film industry were two different perceptions. Women in Korea were often depicted on a lower floor the patriarchal conventions and were seen in movies such as romance or comedy. Even though My Wife is a Gangster saw women in a tough image, the overall representation of women was still seen from the male perspective not only in Korea but in most of the Asian countries. The Korean gangster films including women in tough roles did not tend to detect the misrepresentation of women and these films commonly concealed the misrepresentations of women. Many of the common spectators are unconsciously filled with the movies hidden meanings and their ideologies (Choi, 2010).The critical thinking on the Korean gangster movies until My Wife is a Gangster was related to suited men involved in gangster wars that had commence the highest profiting trend for

The impact of the Federal Reserve on the elections in 1992 Term Paper

The impact of the Federal Reserve on the elections in 1992 - Term Paper ExampleThis led Federal Reserve board to make tenuous decrease on little term interest evaluate, 1 perhaps with the confidence that such reduction was to be mild and brief.According to an News Times report, FED trimmed Federal Fund rates that banks charge one another for overnight loans from 6% to 5.75%, with the discount rate ,which Fed levies on banks for short term loans remaining constant at 5.25%.1However, the effects of interest rates are usually not realized immediately, and take time to be felt in the market.2 The delayed actions by Fed in lowering interests rates were therefore not realized immediately upon the interest cuts recession was increasing rapidly, and as people lease increasing hope in the policies of an opponent in such cases, Clintons economical policy in 1992 election were magnified by Fed delayed actions, with studies portraying the electorate as preferring Clinton to Bush. 3There c onsider been discussions on the effectiveness of this intervention in the market by Fed in 1992, where many analysts have termed the intervention as too late and too little in terms of stimulating the thrift with many analysts arguing the intervention resulted to increasing inflationary rates in the economy as hanker term interest rates remained persistent.3Despite reduced interest rates to encourage borrowing, fed commotion in the economic dynamics resulted to increased inflationary rates, which were evidence after the elections. To deal with growing overt spending deficit, the top marginal income tax rate was raised from 31% in 1992 to 39.6% in 1993, which was exchangeable to a 42.55 increase when Medicare tax hikes were included. 4This was proved by the economic growth that was recorded at 4.3% per year in the last quarter of 1992, but dropped to 1.7% annual rate in first quarter of 1993. 4 This reduced growth was a result of long term interest rates that continued to ghos twrite the economy the high interest rates were shelved in 1992 when they were

Thursday, April 18, 2019

Flashbulb memory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Flashbulb memory - shew ExampleKennedy was assassinated. Should this somebody hatch that they were flying a kite on the beach that day, this is an example of flash lamp memory.Flashbulb memory is generally a unique phenomenon for each person experiencing it, with some individuals reporting more than negative emotions with an event while others reflect positively on a particular moment in time. As such, there does not appear to be a unanimous belief in the psychological community that flashbulb memories will hold the same value or importance for each individual person. However, the fact that the human mind maintains the ability to instantly recall events from history with unbelievable accuracy tends to expand the complexity of human cognitive capabilities.Ask any group of individuals to describe the exact details of a specific day in the calendar year, perhaps a day when the group was in principal(a) school. Likely, they will not be able to provide details of the event with any kind of clarity. However, utilizing the aforementioned(prenominal) John Kennedy reference, cooking guru Julia Child can easily recall that she and her husband were eating soup at the time of the assassination (Greenberg, 2005). Another disaster occurred in England in which nearly 100 soccer fans were modest to death during a stadium catastrophe. One month after the incident, all surveyed respondents were able to clearly remember the events of their lives at the moment they heard the news of the stadium disaster (Luminet, Curci, Marsh, Wessel, et al, 2004). All of the aforementioned situations would tend to exposit that flashbulb memories are created by some form of rememberable stimuli, which engrains the daily events of an individual and links them directly with the traumatic or inspirational event.Though there is no clear evidence as to why this phenomenon occurs, however it has been suggested by several researchers that individuals are capable of

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

The Coca-Cola Company Struggles with Ethical Crises Research Paper

The Coca-Cola Company Struggles with Ethical Crises - Research Paper ExampleAll these contamination issues were further worsen by the slow response from the beverage manufacturer and failure to recognize the severity of the situation. In Belgium, the bucolics strict antitrust laws upheld a halt on market strategy seen as mislabeled strategy to strengthen Coca-Colas market share. The composition of the company was thus deteriorating at an increasing rate. patch considering mergers and acquisition, the companys marketing tactics came under scrutiny due to the strict antitrust laws in the European countries. The french government refused to approve the companys bid to acquire Origina and Schweppes, other French beverage companies. But still, the company dominates foreign markets throughout the world. Further, claims of racial discrimination came up in the beginning of 1999. It is claimed that the top management had knowledge of this since 1995 and had done nothing to neutralize t his situation. Discrimination was alleged to take post among former and current black employees. Over two thousands of them are said to have been discriminated in basis of promotions, pay and performance evaluations. A mid-level executive accused the Coca-Cola Company of doctoring a study it had done on behalf of Burger King in 2002. The fast food outlet had to take the research on its own to realize the reality of the claims. Coca-Cola was found guilty and had to compensate Burger Kings, the whistle-blower as well as pay millions in pre-tax write offs. It further lost public image among its customers, stakeholders as criminal investigations were instituted. Channel stuffing rapture additional bloodline at above board rates to retailers and wholesalers are allegations came up. This was aimed at manipulating the numbers vindicatory before the end of a quarter to create a strong demand picture. This makes the financial line of reasoning earning impressive to the investors. Fro m 1997 through 1999, the company was accused of this in the Japanese market. Coca-Cola is facing a shareholder display case regarding this kind of actions in any case in the Europe, North America and South Africa markets. Other supplies of the company such as PowerAde a sports drink- came under scrutiny. Its delivery to Wal-Mart beyond Texas test area was looked into as bottlers alleged the contracts engaged in did not permit such. Initially the company was using direct store delivery, bottlers dropped off products to all stores, stock shelves and building merchandising displays. Bottlers did claim diminishing of their businesses due to this new change of delivery tactic and also a violation of antitrust laws. The media reported this wrangle negatively hence costing the company its reputation as well as the reputation of firms within its supply chain. The integrity the company had across its shareholders and partners was eroded. inner(a) wars with kernels were up around the sam e time in Colombia. The death of eight Coca-Cola workers, hiding of further twoscore eight and sixty five receiving death threats was attributed to Coca-Cola and its local bottler by the union though it was a coincidence. The union sought reparations to families of slain workers as well as the displaced. The companies denied all these claims and attribute them to the Colombias four ten dollar bill long civil war. There was an arrest of an administrative secretary and two accomplices in 2006. Fraud charges were brought against them as well as stealing and trading

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

How Television Has Impacted Technology Essay Example for Free

How Television Has Impacted Technology EssayTelevision was introduced in 1949 merely very few tribe had it because it was extremely expensive. The only channels people could watch were NBC and CBS. Television became increasingly popular because it was entertainment without going and sitting in the movie theaters. As TV became more popular, it became more affordable. People would hear about boob tube through word of mouth, news, radio and newspaper. Everybody desire the idea of cosmos entertained and staying at home. By the 1960s most families has TV sights in their living rooms, depending on if they liked being entertained at home. Television in the United States has grown socio-economic class after year and has made a big impact on Ameri plenty kitchen-gardening in galore(postnominal) ways. TV has make watern a big part in violence in society, the news, how people are stereotyped, pip-squeakhood fleshiness, family values, social interaction, and so much more. In my opinion wiz of the biggest impacts that video recording has had on American culture is childhood obesity. fleshiness is considered a form of malnutrition in which food zip fastener is stored as fat collectible to being unused. Child obesity is bred within the home and the television receiver system is a major contributor to it.The energy we consume from food needs to be used up by the body on a daily basis through physical exertion. An overweight child devoting a major portion of era to watching television is at risk to becoming obese. Television is veritablely a contributor to that obesity. Kids these years are getting bigger and bigger, era television shows are growing and growing. To me, that is a big f on the whole out and television affects it a lot. Back in the daylight children enjoyed going alfresco to play, getting involved in sports or just anything outdoors. I witness like as of today there are straight international only about a quarter of the kids that enjoy doing outdoors stuff like that.The other 75% of kids choose to stay inside because most likely there favorite TV show is on or there is a movie that they just have to watch. Those kids are losing their time to play outside and mainly burn and lose calories because they are just sitting there watching TV for hours and hours. Obesity is shaftn to be one of the major health concerns among both children and adults in the United States today. It is suggested by certain groups that children should not watch more than two hours of television a day. This in my opinion is already overabundanceively much because that is where childhood obesity wholly gets started. The average child n the United States regularly watches between 2-3 hours of television a day and many children now days have their own television set in their bedroom. Not only are children inactive while they are watching television, they often chomp on unhealthy food choices. And like I said, establishing unhealthy fo od habits as a child can often continue into adulthood. Investigators have hypothesized that television viewing causes obesity by one or more of three mechanisms (1) displacement of physical activity, (2) increased calorie consumption while watching or caused by the effects of advertising, and (3) reduced resting metabolism.The relationship between television viewing and obesity has been examined in a relatively large number of cross-sectional epidemiologic studies but few longitudinal studies. Many of these studies have found relatively weak, positive associations, but others have found no associations or mixed results however, the weak and variable associations found in these studies may be the result of limitations in measurement. level(p) studies for reducing the amount of television intake have been completed.They do not test reducing television time directly, but the results that they get may help to reduce the amount of risk for obesity or help promote weight loss in obese children. An experimental study was designed specifically to test directly the causal relationship between television viewing behaviors and body fatness. The results of this randomized, take forled trial allow for evidence that television viewing is a cause of increased body fatness and that reducing television viewing is a promising strategy for preventing childhood obesity. I really think parents need to take a stand to their children by limiting the amount of time they spend in front of the television, in the lead it gets too late and they have an obese child. Removing televisions from childrens bedrooms and putting time limits on the TV may be a good way for parents to reduce the risk of obesity in children. Parents must help oneself as role models because their television viewing habits influence their childrens. Parents should also limit the frequency of television viewing. great(p) and obese children need to be encouraged to do more physical activity such as walking, pla ying and limiting their television time.Children may also need structured physical activity times to divert them away from television. Although the increase in childhood obesity is not caused solely by television watching, Dr. Reginald Washington points out in the editorial that accompanies the articles, Society, as a whole, must realize that to effectively control and prevent this obesity epidemic, all risk factors must simultaneously be reduced. A study by the University of Liverpool psychologists has shown that it is to be true that obese and overweight children increase their food intake by more than ascorbic acid% after watching food advertisements on television.Children all over the world are exposed to a huge number of TV advertisements, primarily for fast foods and sweets. Some say that it is not the amount of TV it is the number of junk food commercials that advertise unhealthy foods and constantly play over and over. It is miserable that people blame television as a res ult to childhood obesity but the United States is start to get very lazy when it comes to situations like this, therefore I truly believe TV is one of the dominate reasons of why children are becoming obese. I feel like this impact has been mainly prejudicial on American culture.Television advertisers get talked down to by research groups, wanting them to take away all the unhealthy food commercials. Childhood obesity coming from television watchers makes American culture face very bad. When you find out that all it takes is television sets in a kids bedroom and high-quality shows that make children sit, survey and snack to become obese. It really puts a depressing look on America. In my opinion it is a very negative result because it used to not be this way at all. The parents and children put themselves in the situation to becoming obese and television just is an excuse for whenever they actually are obese.I know I go away never let my children or close friends get this way d ue to excess amount of television watching. I have time to watch all my shows I like during the day and still get a good exercise in. I believe that all people can watch their weight and not become obese if they really try. So I really try for the culture changes and fix its look on television with obesity. I do believe that the internet will be used more wisely than television as a medium for delivering content. Television is an previous(a) and dull way of showing and sharing shows, movies and advertisements, while now days the nternet can do the same plus a whole lot more. Internet is a lot easier to get to because so many people have smart phones or laptops to be able to quickly access it. I feel like even now I start to see more and more people of all ages on their laptop/computer/smart phone rather than sitting down and watching television shows. Internet is a new (compared to TV) and entertaining way to access World Wide Web. News and diffuse stations are all starting to p ut their information and ideas on the internet even sooner they send them to television.While putting the internet into question about my topic, as much as I hate seeing younger kids run around with their own smart phone and/or laptop, it would really help society. Internet will help a lot more in this situation because children that do have smart phones will be able to play outside and exercise with their phone in hand. If the kids do go outside while on their phone it will stop them from sitting in front of a television set, sitting, staring and snacking. Therefore, it will lower the childhood obesity rate in the United States.Childhood obesity is a very heartbreaking yet occurring thing that television influenced and started in the U. S. It has been a very big impact on television and American Culture. After all, we are all hoping and praying that parents help their children get back to how it was back in the day. Have the children exercising, playing outside, and getting involv ed in sports that way they only spend approximately one hour watching television. We have to lower the childhood obesity rate and will continue to try and stop every way that is involved in it.

Monday, April 15, 2019

Scholarship Essay Essay Example for Free

Scholarship Essay EssayI gradational from the University of Kansas exactly five years ago this month and thoughts of going back to school to set my MBA soak up filled my head every day since. It has been a dream of mine to follow in my mothers foundingsteps and get an MBA with a focus on entrepreneurship. Now that I have been accepted into the MBA program at Loyola Marymount University my dreams argon coming true, I am pursuing my MBA with a focus non only on entrepreneurship hardly also on marketing, I couldnt ask for anything more(prenominal). Well that is I almost couldnt ask for anything more.See more how to write a scholarship essay for study abroadI am applying for the selected scholarships and grants in hopes of get some benefactor in paying for this expensive venture. I am not currently employed, not because I do not want to hunt down, but because the family that owns the event marketing company w present I had been functional for over two and a half years did not think it was a good estimate for me to go back to school and get my MBA. Basically they saw no benefit to their company and accordingly rather than work around my class schedule, they instead let me go. I plan to get a part time job, hopefully as a Graduate Assistant on campus to help foot some of the tuition bill. My husband is a Beverly Hills police officer in-training, which means that he puts in many hours, both in classes and on the street, with juicy hopes of someday making a good living, the emphasis here on the someday. All in all we make enough to pay our expenses, but with both of us facing costly tuition bills this fall, loans are going to have to cover what scholarships and grants do not.I work hard at what I do and I have been rewarded for my efforts along the way. While in high school, through DECA, a non-profit educational marketing foundation, I wrote an extensive business plan for the ground storey construction and successful operation of a community- ground teen center. My efforts were rewarded with an academic college scholarship for entrepreneurship from the American Womens Business Association. professionally I am proud to say that I have advanced quickly through the ranks at both a nationally recognized advertising agency and an established event marketing company. I was promoted from Controller to Account Manager to Regional Supervisor within a year while at the advertising agency. When I worked at the event company I was hired as an Assistant fount Manager, withno prior event experience, and I was promoted within two months to Event Manager, with management tasks including leading a new business initiative and planning and producing large-scale corporate events.I am excited to be going back to school and I plan on working as hard at this venture as I have at all of the rest along the way. Every subatomic bit helps and I hope that I am awarded a scholarship not only based on financial need but also based on merit. I look preli minary to a year of challenging classes, international study (through the CMS course offered through the MBA program) and academic achievement. Please help me be able to take full advantage of everything that this university has to offer by financially making it feasible. convey you, I truly appreciate your time and effort.

Sunday, April 14, 2019

Harry Potter’s Influence on Society Essay Example for Free

evoke tampers Influence on Society Es opineIts authorised to remember that we all have deceit inside us. (J.K. Rowling, scho extremeic throw fair promotion, October 1999) One of the most powerful novels of this coevals is the kindle throwster Saga. Since the first book was published in 1997 these novels scoop you on a breath- fetching adventure done witch-craft and wizardry. How has this saga scripted by J.K. Rowling been an influence on society you ask? Come explore how Hogwarts the school of witch-craft and wizardry do its modality from a small raw siennatasy school in England to a worldwide phenomenon. It all starts with the generator J.K Rowling is the master-mind behind these illusional books.Born on July 31st, 1965 as Joanne Rowling she decided to go under the name J.K for her books. She chose this because her account tar describe readers were young boys and she thought that they would not want to read a book by a female author although she was mistaken. T he idea came to her while she was on a four hour delayed hold in trip from Manchester, England to London. She saw a young boy sitting across from her and started to create a romance for this him. She decided his name would be incrust and he was on his way to attend his first course of study at a school as a wizard. This is what started the successful journey that would change denotation for our generation. The encrust work saga is do up of s however novels. (Listed below in order) * harass Potter and the Philosophers Stone ( champions Stone)* elicit Potter and the Chamber of Secrets* irritate Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban* Harry Potter and the goblet of Fire* Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix* Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince* Harry Potter and the Deathly H seizesThese books follow the life of Harry Potter a young wizard who has been through something you afterward partnot imagine. Both of his parents were murdered when he was plainly a baby by Lor d Voldemort ( who plays the villain in the story). Harry Potter was present while this happened but he survived the putting to death curse with barely a minor scar on his forehead. He survived because vexs love for him was so powerful that it in some manner protected him from the curse that took his parents lives. Since he was orphaned he was living with his aunt, uncle and cousin just outside of London, England. When he turned eleven years old he received an invitation to attend the Hogwarts school of Witch-craft and Wizardry because he was wizard. While on his way to Hogwarts he comes to expose that he is famous for the events that lead him to have just mere scar on his forehead and being the only wizard to survive a killing curse.On the Hogwarts express he meets two young wizards who eventually become his best friends, Hermione Granger, and Ron Weasely. Each book is a new school year which comes with new tasks and new level of maturity. Throughout the novels we come to watch that Harry Potter has the same problems as a everyday teenager but there is duplication level of responsibility because along with magic comes consequences. there is two ways that magic canister be used. Theres good magic but there is also dark magic and some(prenominal) of these are seen within the Harry Potter novels. Voldemort being the villain is constantly in a manage with Harry. This is where the proposition of the story comes in. The theme of the Harry Potter novels is good vs. evil. Harry represents the good character and Voldemort represents the evil.The only way for Harry to be free of the evil spirit is to kill him. Harry uses dark magic to do so but uses it in defense. Along every step of the way Harrys two best friends where there to help. When he needed advice or someone to lean on the some(prenominal) Ron and Hermione were always there. Without them Harry Potter would never have been able to demolish the evil character and jollify his life to the fullest. Th at is the moral of the story, love can everyplacecome evil and if you have support system you can do anything. That is something as human beings we should keep with us for all time. Morals are something we can learn from reading but because sometimes we get distracted by technology and materialistic items we forget that. J.K Rowling was taking on a generation that was attached to technology and attracting them back to reading. This may be the largest impact the Harry Potter Saga has had on society. meter reading is somehow lost in this generation and many state do not realize the importance of reading.Reading enhances vocabulary, helps speech, and real broadens a persons understanding and tolerance. Reading always teaches you something, from Harry Potter we learn that evil cannot stand in the way of love, and no look what has happened you can always get through it if you have people to support you. J.K Rowling also focused on one other central detail, imagination. Reading all ows you to use your imagination to come up with scenarios for you self. It allows you to build your delicate ability and creativity by doing so.Creativity stems from imagination this means without an active imagination there would be no creativity whatsoever. Imagination allows you to transport into a fantasy world and experience things you would not be able to in reality. One important thing more or less imagination and creativity is that is undefined. Every wholeness person views it differently and there is no right or wrong answer. J.K Rowling took this into consideration while physical composition her books and many people think because she created such a conversely topic that it opened the public up to the books. But one thing everyone can agree on is that this book changed our generation. Michelle McMorrow Ramsell the director of Tuscarawas Public subroutine library learns in a news paper article thatThe popularity of the Harry Potter series made reading a cool thing and made reading a cool thing to talk well-nigh with friends. The time that Harry Potter was released was is when technology started to become a major part in our generation. Harry Potter books got millions of people involved from the middle-school age level and up. This is one of the reasons Harry Potter is such an influential book. Not only did it bring people back into reading but it also has characters that people can appertain to. J.K Rowling started to write because she was an English major and it was a passion of hers but as she got more into reconditeness with the books she started to make all the characters relatable. She started writing the book when her mother fell ill, but quickly after her mother passed away and that is when she decided she would use this idea for the book. She knew what it felt same(p) to lack someone who was so important so that is where she came up with the idea for Harry to lose his parents.Many people know what it is like to lose someone important to them and when someone else dealing with the same thing it makes you feel like you are not alone. J.K Rowling was diagnosed with clinical depression in 1993, she needed a way to escape real life and she chose this with Harry Potter. She decided to add the dementors, the creatures who are known as the soul-sucking creatures who are constantly after Harry because of the way she felt. She thought that a good way to come out of depression is to be sidetracked in a way, and Harry Potter was her way out of reality and she took that into consideration. She also tried to relate most of her characters to people she knew when she was younger. J.K Rowling says that she sees a lot of herself in Hermione. Hermione comes off as a know it all sometimes and J.K says thats how many people saw her when she was young. The Weselys were a poor family that did not have much, she was able to relate to this because onwards Harry Potter she was in that place for a long time.Ron was also based on J.K Row lings best friend Shane Harris. She also saw herself as Harry because there was always something she was exhausting to fix and she was not a quitter. She was never going to give up in what she believed in and it helped her get through many hardships she faced throughout her life just like him. Reading books can allow you to escape reality and maybe even sometimes solve a problem which is what she was trying to accomplish. The Harry Potter books were such a success that they were turned into a film series starring Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson. The wide-cut film series made 7.7 billion dollars and is also one of the top highest grossing films of all time. The first scene premiered in 2001 and the last being in two parts finished in 2011. Over the last ten years J.K Rowling worked closely with the script writers because she wanted it as close to the books as possible. The movies success made the young actors Hollywood superstars and it also had a huge impact to our generation.The movies and books are translated into 67 different languages, so no matter where you live or what language you speak you can get a smell of the magic. It was a family movie that everyone can enjoy unitedly and seeing the magic come alive on screen really touched people all over the world and that also made an impact on society. Many things have evolved from the novels and the movie is not the only one. On June 18th 2010, Universal studio apartments opened up a new Theme park named The Wizarding world of Harry Potter. here you can experience the magic of Hogwarts in real life. You can you visit the Hogwarts castle, Three-broom sticks diner, Honeydukes sweet shop, Ollivanders sceptre shop, Zonkos joke store, and dervish and banges quidditch equipment store. These are all places that are in the movies and books and after ten years there finally a reality. I used to leave set wishing I was at Hogwarts and that Harry Potter was real life. I got to experience the magic of it but normal kids didnt and now because of the theme park they can, and its wicked. Daniel Radcliffe( interview in 2010 about the Theme Park)This is a huge impact on society because there is not anything like this visting the theme park gives you the full experience and your imagination really comes to life. Daniel Radcliffe believes that The wizarding world of Harry Potter has the potential to be a fantastic memory that kids will take with them, that will be something that stands out with them for a long time. ( interview about the theme park 2010) This is a true fact and everyone who visits seems to capture some of the joy and take it with them where ever they may go. Pottermore is also some other place to experience the Hogwarts school of witch-craft and wizardry. A website created by J.K Rowling in order to keep the Harry Potter Saga alive after the seventh book and the eighth movie being completed. She did this in response to her fan base being so strong. So Id like to ta ke this opportunity to say thank you because no author could of asked for a more wonderful, diverse readership.Im thrilled to say that Im now in a position to give you something unique. An online reading experience hostile any other and its called Pottermore. Its the same story with a few crucial editions the most important one is you. Just as the experience of reading requires the imagination of the author and reader work together to create the story, so Pottermore will be built in part by you the reader. The digital generation will be able to enjoy a safe, unique online reading experience built near the Harry Potter books. Pottermore will be the place where fans of any age can share, participate in and re-discover the stories. And I will be sharing additional information that Ive been holding for years about the world of Harry Potter. I hope to see you soon. (J.K. Rowling on Pottermore.com) By visiting this website you can go through journeys of the books and through every chapt er you visit you learn something new about the wizarding world.Like the books and movies you get choose into a house Gryffindor, Ravenclaw, Hufflepuff, and Slytherin, here you get to experience life as if you were a student. Just like the book you earn house points, make friends from many houses, brew positions, casts spells, attend quidditch matches , take journeys through diagon ailey ( fit(p) in London where the shops are), visit the wizarding bank and really experience life as a virtual(prenominal) Hogwarts student. As you can see the Harry Potter novels really do influence society.There has been over a million copies of the books sold, eight successful films translated into 67 languages, a enchanting theme park, amazing websites, and even merchandise which includes, shirts, stickers, hats, sweatshirts, wands, anything you can think of. It is a spectacular story that has transformed reading. Most people before the Harry Potter series thought reading was boring and that TV. an d the internet were more entertaining, but after reading it they changed their mind. J.K Rowling created an imaginary story that was still relatable and people will remember this book for years to come. Theres always room for a story that can transport people to another place, and I feel I completed this task with Harry Potter. ( J.K. Rowling on the success of her novels.)

Saturday, April 13, 2019

Algebraic expressions.Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Essay Example for Free

Algebraic expressions.Elementary and Intermediate Algebra EssayAlgebraic expressionsIntroduction In the grounding to Algebra, the counterbalance assignment for the first week will involve using real numbers in place of integers to simplify expressions. Everyone needs to take his/her time to grasp the rules and the steps which are followed in algebra as this will form a concrete base for the algebraic expression see to iting. One needs to understand the mathematical fundamental elements so as not to incur problems in solving any algebraic problems. For instance, one needs to be clear with the properties of integers as these are the same properties which apply to the real numbers. The first step in dealing with equations is removing the parenthesis. If an equation requires you shoot the parenthesis from the equation, distribution becomes a necessity. Like equipment casualty should be grouped together when multiplying the integers that are inside the parenthesis to perform an y indicated operation (Dugopolski, M.(2012), 2, p.67). The pursual is how I attempted to handle the assigned equations in the simplest form. In the left side of the page, I bugger off put the mathematic equation, and in the right side there is my explanation of the steps I followed.2a(a-5)+4(a-5) Equation=2a-10a+4a-20 remove the distributive properties from the parenthesis= 2a -6a-20 then we get the coefficient.=a- 3a 10 then we simplify the expression.In the following(a) equation,2.2w-3+3(w-4)-5(w-6) the equation=2w-3+3w-12-5w+30 remove the distributive properties from the parenthesis=2w+3w-5w-3-12+30 then we get the coefficients and.=15 liquify themIn the third equation,3. 0.05(0.3m+35n)-0.8(-0.09n-22m) the equation=0.015m+1.75n+0.072n+17.6m remove the distributive property from the parenthesis=0.015m+17.6m+1.75n+0.072n simplify by displace the like terms together and=17.615m+1.822n combine themReferencesDugopolski, M. (2012). Elementary and Intermediate Algebra. New York, N Y McGraw-Hill.Source document

Thursday, April 11, 2019

Shoplifting is a crime born of poverty Essay Example for Free

steal is a umbrage innate(p)(p) of indigence EssayShoplifting c wholly ups someone involve stealing from the shop during business hour. Shoplifting is an old problem for merchants. There are lots of reasons to steal, range from very poverty and satisfy the desires or mental illness. Although in that location are lots of anti- shrinkage devices in place and the increase in police patrols and offers the retailers steerage on preventive measures, the rate of shrinking in the world is still increasing. fit to the Home military post crime statistics, there was a 10 percent increase in shoplifting in fall in Kingdom in the year of 2009. concord to the Global Retail Theft Barometer research (2009), total global shoplifting in 41 participating countries costs economic lost for around $114,823 billion. Therefore, shoplifting is a secure problem non just in the United Kingdom.The statistics from the Home Office and the research make up the Centre for Retail Research sho wed that the shoplifting is world a serious problem in contemporaneous hostel, and this essay is going to discuss, is shoplifting is a crime born of poverty. If non, then what is the reason for people to shoplift? For the issue of shoplifting is a crime born of poverty, there are several factors that whitethorn link to the increase of shoplifting and the argument of shoplifting is a crime born of poverty, such(prenominal) as proud unemployment rate, Maslows Hierarchy of needs possibleness, underclass and the relationship between capitalism and crime.Against the issue of shoplifting is a crime born of poverty, there are several factors against the argument, such as look pressure in adolescent, drug addict, psychological elements or other adolescent psychological factors. The rest of the essay is going to epitome all the factors either for or against. According to Maslows Hierarchy of needs theory, this is a theory in psychology and proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 pa per A Theory of Human Motivation.Figure1 Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsHis theories jibe many other theories of homosexual development psychology and focuses on describing the stages growth in homos. He presented his theory in a pyramid and defined the stages with Physiological, Safety, Love/belong, Esteem and Self-actualization needs to inform the pattern that human motivations pass through. The base floor of the hierarchyrepresented basic human need, which are breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis and excretion. These are obligatory for human to survive in order of magnitude to achieve the upper train of human wants. Moving on to the next part, which is safety needs and it include security of body, employment, resources, morality, the family, health and property. This part represents a civilization of human beings, which they are chasing for a better living standard.Then next part is Love or belonging needs, which are friendship, family and sexual intimacy. After that , Esteem needs included self-esteem confidence, achievement, respect of others and respect by others. The die part is self-actualization needs, which included morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice and acceptance of facts. This is the ethical and spiritual level that Maslow rememberd. Taking Maslows Hierarchy of Needs as an accurate portrayal of individual organic evolution, we could apply that to the evolution of human society, which included economically, socially and politically. Therefore the argument of this essay can be clearly explained. If a person lives without food, water and homeostasis, he may not be able to reach the upper levels of the pyramid, which included morality, safety and self-actualization.Therefore, he get out pass crime like shoplifting or theft to arouse what he needs to survive. Most of the humans lacks of physiological needs are in poverty. Thus shoplifting can be said as a crime born of poverty in Maslows Hierarchy of needs theory. Secondly, the relationship between capitalism and crime is a factor that makes shoplifting a crime born of poverty. Capitalism is an economic system that favours private ownership. In other words, capitalism is a system of economics under which ownership of and investment in the means of exchange, distribution and production. Therefore, near capitalism countries drive home the problem of inequality, which mean the gap between the rich and the poor. According to urban dictionary, capitalism is an unhinged mechanism for distributing power where the rich and powerful get richer and more powerful, the poor get poorer.According to BBC word (2009), United Kingdom is a capitalism country, the gap between the rich and poor is very serious in UK, and the richest fifth of the population had an income 16 times greater than the poorest fifth. According to the content Equality embellish (NEP) report (2008), United conjure ups and United Kingdom are in the top 10 of inequal ity countries, which mean the gap between rich and pooris very big. The rate of shoplifting in United State and United Kingdom are increasing, which means inequality will make poor people move crime. In capitalism countries, when the gap between rich and poor become wider, the rate of crime will increase. Because capitalism is an idea that rich peoples use funds to buy goods then sell to gain money but poor people dont postulate money to buy goods in order to sell to gain money, so they pull shoplifting and sell the things that they stole in order to survive. Thirdly, Murray (1990) explained that there are three main characteristics of underclass, which are illegitimacy, violent crime and economic inactivity.Shoplifting is an activity, which is economic inactive. Murray (1990) has as well as explained that the morally weak underclass that is unemployed is usually involved in crime and drug addiction. By analysis, the Murray research, the crime committed in shoplifting which is unemployed. According to The New York Times (2012), a single drive committed shoplifting and sells the goods in order to survive because the government activity had passed the 1996 welfare reform law. This case showed that there are people shoplifting because of poverty. Then, some people committed shoplifting because lack of clear point in life. These kinds of people often under unemployment, therefore, they live below poverty level. According to the research do by Mcshane, Lawless and Noonan (1991), 70 apprehended shoplifter aged between 18 and 88 compared to 70 undergraduate non-shoplifters, they found that shoplifters were most likely to live in poverty, to be socially isolated and not to aware psychological stressors than those who do not shoplift. This research showed that people who live long-term under the poverty level lacks the purpose in life.Therefore, the research done by Mcshane, Lawless and Noonan (1991) proven shoplifting is a crime born of poverty. Finally, acco rding to the UK Office For National Statistics (2012), the unemployment rate in United Kingdom was last reported at 8.3 per cent and it go steadily. The unemployment rate has explained that the reason people shoplift is because of economic. Although the government have unemployment benefit, there are lots of people who are unemployed but do not fall in the requirement to get the unemployment benefit. Therefore, shoplifting in United Kingdom still increases. The study of Ray and bullbrier (1988) included 200 court records and 382 self-reports and showed that shoplifters were more likely to have lower family income, be unemployedbelieve that economic need causes shoplifting. However, there are lots of people who shoplift to satisfy their desires and some of them competency pursue excitiement by shoplifting.Shoplifting is a psychological issue for a group of people. According to the articles National Association for Shoplifting Prevention (2006), the single largest psychological fa ctors in around one-third of shoplifters are experiencing depression. Geyer (2001) withal explained that most of the shoplifting offender is due to psychological factions. Therefore, most of the shoplifters committed shoplifting because of psychological issues more than because they are poor. Besides, according to Tonglet (2002), the decision to shoplift is influenced by social factors, pro-shoplifting attitudes, opportunities for shoplifting and perceptions of low risks in being caught. He described that shoplifting is consumer mis behaviour. BBC News Magazine (2012) also described that there is a new wave of middle-class shoplifter is targeting some high-end delicacies from stores and supermarket to have a lifestyle that they could no longer afford. The society believed that this development is caused by the economic recession.On the other hand, teens problem is also a very important factor of shoplifting. According to the National Crime Prevention Council (2006), there are 25% of people committed shoplifting between the ages of thirteen and seventeen. The following essay is going to analysis and explain the reason that people shoplifting apart from poverty. Adolescent shoplifting is a nationwide rising problem. According to Moschis, Dena and Anthony (1990) experiment, they have surveyed 1692 teenagers from age 10 to 17 investigating shoplifting behaviour, family occupational status, rule breaking behaviour and perceived reasons for adolescent shoplifting. The result showed that shoplifting rate between the age 10 and 15 rose steadily and declined between the age 15 and 17. Moschis, Dena and Anthony (1990) concluded that there are few reasons explained that why teens shoplifting, such as chasing for excitement, peer pressure and attracting attention.For the reason of chasing for excitement, most of the teens got lots of time when they were bored and didnt have anything better to do, they will pretend shoplifting to gain excitement. For the reason of peer p ressure, it is playing a very important role on adolescent shoplifting. When their peers get a pair of expensive name brands property or clothes, the others will try to keep up with their peers and wear the in vogue(p). Other than that, electronicsalso very popular, such as mp3 player, console, phone and other small expensive items. Most teens want to get the best and the latest leisure fashion and electronics to compete with their peers so they are faced with the lack of money to satisfy their desires, they may turn to shoplifting. Steven Gerrard said, Being a young lad its hard not to give into peer pressure. I stole to fit in. I grabbed a few pens paper from Woolworths made a winkle for the door but the security guy grabbed me.Steven Gerrard is an England soccer hero, he confessed that he stole pens and nabbed by cops when he was in his early teens. This case strongly influenced that shoplifting isnt a crime born of poverty. At last, the parent attention, many parents were ve ry busy in their work in contemporary society so they will lack of care of their children. The child will do something in order to attract their parents attention. The arcminute component that people committed shoplifting is drug users. According a study of Arrestees (2005), the study support that shoplifting was the most frequent crime amongst drug users. This group of people shoplifting showed that they need to shoplift in order to fund their drug habit. Drug users usually resell the things that they steal or onslaught a cash refund.The study also showed that alcohol is also a main component in shoplifting. According to BBC News (2012), most cases of shoplifting by what psychologists describe as non-professional shoplifter , and most of them shoplifting to feed their alcohol addiction. Both drug addict and alcoholic people committed shoplifting in order to feed their drug and alcohol addiction not because of they are poverty. Thirdly, Kleptomania is an impulse control disorder , study depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder or bipolar disorder. Although there are very few of shoplifters fall into this category, this fictitious character of shoplifters has a psychological compulsion to shoplifting to satisfy their desires. They will commit shoplifting whenever the urge hits. According to Tasman (2011), he explained that people with Kleptomania often report the shoplifting act and they feel of pleasure after committed shoplifting.This kind of people shoplifting is because of mental illness, most of them did not think themselves as a crime after committed shoplifting. But in contemporary society, the law enforcement agencies treated them as normal crime. As a conclusion, to discuss whether or not shoplifting is a crime born of poverty, as it has innumerous factors causingpeople to shoplift and lots of factor proved that shoplifting is born of poverty. Almost all of the reasons that support the argument are around economic and policy, such as the unemplo yment rate, the unemployment welfare, capitalism and the economic depression. In another word, if the government are to carry out well policy, the shoplifting rate will decrease.Therefore, the government plays a very important role in decreasing the rate of shoplifting. On the other hand, most of the shoplifters committed shoplifting not because of poverty, there are several factors that makes people shoplift, such as Kleptomania, psychological factors, peer pressure, teens problem and drug users. All of the academic researches and government reports showed that most shoplifting cases are influenced by the shoplifters psychological factors more than poverty, such as the Steven Gerrards case, the reason for him committing shoplift was not due to poverty.This is why it may seem fair to say, shoplifting is not a crime born of poverty, it is a crime born of psychological factors and government policy. After all, the study of crime has been the core study matter in criminology. There ar e no expressed answers as to why people commit certain crimes neither has the causation been found for criminal activities. Different schools of criminology proves that there are no definite answers in the understanding of crime.ReferencesAppelbaum, A. and Klemmer, H. (2012) Shoplifting. Menninger Perspective, 5 (3), p.16-19. Bbc.co.uk (2012) BBC News Why do well-off people shoplift?. online ready(prenominal) at http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16469928 Accessed 1 May 2012. Bbc.co.uk (2010) BBC Mark Eastons UK Is inequality iniquitous?. online Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/markeaston/2010/01/is_inequality_iniquitous.html Accessed 1 May 2012. City-journal.org (2008) The New York Timess Welfare Myopia by Heather Mac Donald City Journal. online Available at http//www.city-journal.org/2012/eon0416hm.html Accessed 1 May 2012. Cox, D. et al. (1990) When Consumer Behavior Goes Bad An Investigation of Adolescent Shoplifting.. Journal of Consumer Research, 17

Wednesday, April 10, 2019

Ict implementation Essay Example for Free

Ict effectuation Essay erstwhile the corpse is created, it is important to test the system, this is so I give the bounce discover both faults within the system and to make sure that I fix met the balance physical exertionr requirements The system depart be tested with normal data ( data which is the normal to test) uttermost(prenominal) data ( data which is exceeded test range) Erroneous data( data which is totally wrong to test) Macro testing convention testing- formulas must be correct and linked to limited cells VLookups- must be correct and linked to specific cells the lay out of the test pan impart be in t adequate to(p) initialize , illustrating severally test as fully as possible at this stage . the plan will involve the next column heading test no . test criteria what is to be tested test subroutine why is it been tested data what data is apply to perform the test ie. Normal extreme expected out tote ups veritable outcome i will produce evidence of my test results by illustrating each one with imbue shots and all will be cross referenced and annotated properly this will be sh take after the implementation is done . trial runing User interface rise number assay criteria establish purpose evaluate outcome Actual outcome 1 shoot the reign press release monetary fund list.To cow chip the railway line table blossom forrards The overall acquit sheet should ease up The stock list contributesheet overts 2 Click the command button guest details To check the customer details disperses The overall customer details should open The customer details behavesheet opens 3 Click the command button Build your own pc To check the Build your own pc opens The overall Build your own pc should open The Build your own pc worksheet opens 4 Click the command button banknote To check the Invoice opens The overall Invoice should open The Invoice worksheet opens 5.Click the command button sales outlet To check the Exit worksheet op ens The overall Exit worksheet should open The worksheet grumbles and dispense withs as pass along 6 Click the command button HELP To check the tending button /Vba opens The swear out button should open with a meaning box The attention button opens masking a message box Screen shots of tryouting Test number 1 The drug user clicks on the stock list button and the stock list worksheet opens As you can see infra the worksheet stock list opens and works Test number 2 The user clicks on the stock list button and the customer details worksheet opensAs you can see at a lower place the worksheet customer details opens and works Test number 3 The user clicks on the stock list button and the Build your own pc worksheet opens As you can see under the worksheet customer details opens and works Test number 4 The user clicks on the stock list button and the placard worksheet opens As you can see beneath the worksheet invoice opens and works Test number 5 1) the user clicks on the command button exit on a lower floor is what message box appears this give us 2 options. If I dint want to exit jump out is would click no and the message box that will appear is If I clicked yes my work would get salve and it would exit my worksheet . Test number 6 The user clicks on the command button (a) help a message box should appear as shown infra (a) As you can see below the help button opens . Test number 7 The user clicks on the homage button (1) and the homepage worksheet will open (2) (1)Homepage button (2) as you can see below the homepage opens once the homage navigation button has been clicked Test number 8 The user clicks on the worksheet button invoice (1)as shown below and the sideline will show(2) (1)user clicks the button.(2) As you can see below the invoice worksheet opens Test number 9 Stock list worksheet Test number Test criteria Test purpose pass judgment outcome Actual outcome 7 Click the command button home page To check the if the button goes to the home page The homepage should open The homepage worksheet should open 8 Click the command button invoice To check the Invoice opens The overall Invoice should open The Invoice worksheet opens 9 Click the command button hide control storage-battery grid lines To check if the gridlines disappear when clicked The grid lines should disappear.The grid lines did not show on the worksheet 10 Click the command button show grid lines To check the button shows the gridlines The gridlines should show The gridlines show on the worksheet 11 Click the command button crisscross To check the button prints the worksheet out The stockist worksheet should print out The worksheet printed out . Customer details(worksheet) Test number Test criteria Test purpose Expected outcome Actual outcome 11 12 13 14 15 Design your own pc (worksheet) Test number Test criteria Test purpose Expected outcome Actual outcome.16 17 18 19 20 Invoice(worksheet) Test number Test criteria Test purpose Expected outco me Actual outcome 21 22 23 24 25 Implementation User interface To set up my new reckoner system I need to use a spreadsheet softw atomic number 18 package and so I choose to use Microsoft travel by. I used this softw be as it is simple to use for setting up and provides the most commonly used spreadsheet package . This means that the most of the people who are able to use the pc and use outgo , and I know that the employees at PC systems who will be using the system can use the software.I collected the data for the spreadsheet by contacting Pc Systems contacting killice , materials and extra and for the pc parts and new(prenominal)(a) information I used from the PC Systems website. How to personality the larges on the user interface and all pages firstly I used twinge are as shown below to get the pictures for my user interface downstairs is how I undecided the clipart menu in one case the clip are menu is overt I searched for the adjacent gunpoints for the pictures to come up that I used for my interface clip art menu The following clip art images I used for my interface as shown below.MACROS erstwhile the pictures are in place I now can scan the bigs I need to navigate around the spreadsheet as shown below . meter 1 Firstly I needed to click on tools accordingly macro and then record new macro as shown below Step 2 Then I give a induce for my macro . eg macro 1 then press OK Step 3 in a flash you will see a little play and pause button icon as shown below Step 4 Now I have to select the destination of the macro as you can see at the bottom of the worksheets t here(predicate) are named worksheets eg when I made the customer details macro I will do the following as shown below.Once customer details has been selected I then clicked stop on the macro button as shown below . Step 5 once I had clicked stop I then clicked on the picture which was relevant to customer details as shown below then correctly click on the picture and select assign macro as shown here Step 6 Then once it has opened now I will select the macro I have just made to link it with the button as show below Once macro 1 is found then click OK and the macro works and it links to the customer worksheet. I did this to all my macros which are link on the user inter face as shown below I used the same method on all 4 of them.I also have navigation buttons on the other worksheets to return to the user interface so the user can go bad around my spreadsheet quick and efficiently. VBA edict Vba code is useful for producing message boxes , and are easy to do as shown below and again they are linked to my picture Help I opened vba up as by pressing ALT, F11 together and this screen should appear (1) (2) entering the code as shown below into vba . I have included the following message for the user so if they have problems with the software or with any formulas or buttons they can contact the helpline so I can help them and guide them in the relieve direction .Now right click on the picture as I said forwards and assign macro and then choose helpline and once it is done the outcome is Now I am going to make an exit button using vba so the user can exit excel immediately and saving thither work at the same sequence . using this button below . this method is used again by right clicking on the picture and assigning the macro as shown below Then open up VBA as shown above. Now enter the code as shown below Once this coded is entered I linked it with my button as shown in the other example and the out come should be as shown below ..first click on the exit icon then this message box will appear If no then If yes then application quits supremacyfully. Named ranges Once I have entered the stock information into my spreadsheet I need to name the ranges to use them in a v timber up . to make it easier for the use to make calculations and search for the criteria needed to run the system mightily Step 1 I highlighted customer details as sh own below Then I named the highlighted distributor points customerddd as shown below using the toolbar as shown below then I pressed enter so that it confirms that the name has been varyd and is saved .I used this method to name all of my ranges and named them appropriately. To show all of the named ranges I did the following InserName define Then this toolbox opens showing all the named ranges and the formulas in the specific range as shown below . here you can add names and delete them . V-look ups Combo boxes A jazz band box sometimes called a drop down box is a list of items from which you can choose one item of data. To open the combo box menu I needed to right click on the computer mouse and select forms as shown below Once I have clicked on the forms the menu below opened As shown above I then selected the combo box item, then I drew the combo box in the correct column to make it look professional as shown below . Once I drew the combo boxes they need to be linked to a V lookup and I need to format the control to link with the specific sell eg, product number as shown below(2) (1) (2) First I had to right click on the combo box and select the format control as shown below Spinners A spinner button enables you to increase or decrease the value of a number in a cell by clicking the control. firstly I right clicked on the excel tool bar and selected forms as shown below .Then I selected the spinner from this menu choice as shown below . Then I drew the spinner on my spreadsheet as shown below Then I needed to format the spinner to a specific cell to make calculations as shown below . i firstly right clicked on the spinner and the menu below appeared I then selected format control as shown below and the following message box appeared . Evaluation In my evaluation I will first of all carry each of the end user requirements stated in the specification in turn and my objectives , and evaluate the success of below are my general objectives.Start up scre en and Homepage buttons and links to all the pages back and forth . I have met this objective as My spreadsheet has a start up screen and various buttons which were requested by the user so the user can move around the spreadsheet efficiently and are able to open and close worksheets also there are 2 other buttons which I used vb code so if the user gets stuck or damages the spreadsheet they contact the help line also there is a save and exit button which will make a back up of the work for upcoming reference and a print button eg.For the output of the invoice as needed which will save a lot of time compared to the old system where ein truththing is done by news report and when a record needs to be found it took a long time and even got lost on the other hand the spreadsheet saves records and time and is much more accepted and efficient compared to the old system Various work sheets such as , hardware sheet ,invoice sheet etc I have met this objective as there are 4 separate work sheets to separate the collection of data (stock) and the output(invoice) 4 separate sheets helps the user move around the interface smoothly as he can open and close the favored work sheet as needed.Automatically store customer details and what they have bought. Once item is bought it is taken away from the stock. Protect the work sheet so no formulas can be adapted by the user . Use formulas to calculate total cost and vat etc Labels to help the customer when base on to a button option boxes to let the user choose the best product eg recollection for them Limitations In the system there are various limitations I have recognised.In one of my validations it wasnt dead on target as when I typed in incorrect data the error message wasnt displayed .this would then create inaccurate data as the user wouldnt be aware of there mistakes Improvements In the system there are various improvements that can be made to improve the overall system Also to improve my system I would create a se parate spreadsheet that contains each customers details of the products they have previously bought and what they have reproducible so the end user knows what the existing customers have bought so the user can deciide to give implication for spending so much money etc valuable customer. End user comments.I arranged a meeting with mr Anderson who will be using the system to see how he feels about It and helps reduce work load that he originally had to do . I first of all gave the end user a couple of days to familiarise to the new system . Here are the end user comments The act is practical and doesnt irate the eyes the colour is restful and doesnt distract the users attention . Navigation is easy , as is adding and deleting information Alternating through the worksheets are very easy The out out of the system (the invoice) are very organise and very consistant.The macros , formulas and v look ups help reduce lots of manual imput which saves time . There are few errors made as v alidation used on different data helps keep data accurate and up to date My overall comments I think my design is reliable and easy to use , there are only a few things that I can change and they are mentioned in my improvements , I think I have reduced massed amounts of user input compared to the paper work what they had to do before which took allot of time and effort , also the system looks professional and is very efficient and is very user friendly.User guide Contents page Description Page fundament / Installing / Opening the system 1 Functions of the user interface Customer sheet Entering customer details Deleting customer details Introduction Welcome to the Invoicing System. This system has been created so that you can create an invoice in a seconds compared to the paper work that you used to do. Installation The system works directly off the USB memory beat up, or alternatively you can copy it to the computer and run it from your computer.Simply press ctrl c on the Invoici ng System file, and then press ctrl v in on the hardrive or in my documents on your computer Opening the spreadsheet system Insert the USB stick. Next, click on My Computer Next, open the memory stick (a). If the logo is not there then wait for a couple of minutes as computer may be trying to detect the key or press F5 to refresh the page to help the computer detect the inputted device . then click on the invoice system (b) and open the file.(A) (b) Once the system has been opened the following pop up will appear about the security of the spreadsheet on the screen as shown below If this is presented then simply click on Enable Macros. This will set forth the buttons in your spreadsheet . but if you click disable the spreadsheet will open but the macro buttons will not work which will effect the spreadsheets efficiency (C)The screen below will be presented once the spreadsheet has opened below User interface.The user interface is the heart of the system which allows you to access t he invoice system, and to access the stock list and access the customers list and allow users to choose what they would like to buy. To do this, simply click on the buttons at the top of the screen. These buttons are on all sheets, in the same place and with the same names, they will all open their appropriate areas when you click on them and do the tasks the same . Customers To enter the customers details into the system, you will first need to select the button from any area. This will open up the customers sheet which should look something like the one below.

Monday, April 8, 2019

Development of Complex Societies Essay Example for Free

organic evolution of Complex Societies EssayIn the early stages of the development of multiform societies, many different factors had a ruling impact on the way the societies real. In some areas of the world, religion was the primary force that take to the humans of organized societies. Other areas developed on trade routes that make it necessary to develop Byzantine societies to arrest the growth of different economic classes and the wealth they generated into the structure of the government. In each part of the world where complex societies emerged, the communities were responding to different types of challenges and the complexities each smart set created forced them to confront new challenges which then led to the great, complex societies of history. The urban society of Mesopotamia developed because of the engineering discoveries that allowed residents of the area between the Tigris and Euphrates to make up forage production, while the predictability of the Nile River allowed the Egyptians and Nubians to build large, complex societies around their commercial and unearthly activities.Many unprejudiced early societies were based around farming. Through cultivating crops and the land, tribe learned they could settle worst in one place instead of being nomads and support a larger population of people. These villages needed a social structure, but their sizes were limited by the amount of food they could produce. In Mesopotamia, especially Sumeria and Babylon, there is not much rainfall, but farmers learned they could artificially irrigate their crops use the fresh water in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers1. The large-scale engineering projects requisite greater social organization than the simple farming communities that came before, but they also resulted in increased food production that allowed them to build cities. The urban centers that resulted required more sophisticated organization to make sure that the population was productive t hat building projects could be completed, that resources were distributed fairly, and that the city could continue to grow2.The division of labor also created different economic classes, which resulted in various social classes as well. Some merchants grew wealthy catering to customers who came to the city from some other places, and community building projects required supervision, organization, and funding3. Such a large society could not exist as small farmers trading with one another. Political delegacy was needed to maintain order between the citizens and harbor the interests of the entire community, especially the cropland that existed international the city walls.An congressman of the way that potential influenced society is the codification of laws by Hammurabi, especially as they related to family relationships and how maintains could treat their wives. upper crust people whose marriages represented political and economic alliances were subject to the same law, so t hat even if a husband had a right to punish his wife for a suspected affair, he could not do anything to her unless he caught her in the act. If he did act out on his jealousy, he would be punished. Hammurabis laws treated women want the property of their husbands and fathers, but they also described certain standards of behavior that citizens should be expected to follow for the pastime of stability and to reign in peoples behavior4.The innovation of urban development also led to the Sumerian creation of military power, as each city-state had to protect its farmland and irrigation projects from one another and from outside invaders. Once the city-states had organized themselves into relatively cessationful social organizations united under a single government, their festering populations often led them to go out and try to conquer other city-states or areas with more resources to increase their wealth5. In Mesopotamia, the social organization created in the first cities led to the establishment of the first empires.Along the Nile River in northern Africa, small city states also emerged due to the increased production of food that agriculture made possible. Agriculture first developed in Sudan, where people first cultivated wheat crops and domesticated animals that roamed the grassland. The developing populations made these cities into cultural and commercial centers, as well, and they also required political authority to keep the peace and maintain the functioning of all of the complex institutions of a city dividing up resources, keeping the peace, and protecting their resources from other city-states6. These cities were often ruled over by Kings who were not only thought of as political authority but were also considered to be divine themselves, so they also held a great deal of religious authority7.Over time, the grasslands became desert and agricultural activity centered along the floodplains of the Nile River in Egypt and Nubia. Egypt, particularly, had a genuinely wide-eyed and predictable floodplain which attracted immigrants and allowed the population to grow. United under one ruler, who was also considered to be divine, Egyptian society became increasingly complex. Massive amounts of resources, especially wheat from the fertile harvests, had to be dealt with, marketplaces had to be managed, and armies had to be raised to protect the fertile land from invaders. The main organizing force in Egyptian society was its strong religious component.The Pharaoh was considered a god as well as a king, and the religious power he held was just as important as the political power. The colossal building projects that the Egyptians embarked on, such as the pyramids and temples, required a very complex society and highly skilled workers and engineers8. They developed a very complex writing brass not only to keep commercial records, but also to record their spiritual beliefs and the history of their empire. Harkhuf utilize it to documen t his exploration of Nubia and opening of trade routes there, showing the high levels of complexity that each of those societies had risen to9. two the African and Mesopotamian civilizations developed out of small farming communities who practiced small-scale agriculture. In both areas, advances in agriculture led to increased populations living in densely-populated cities, which allowed the people to divide labor and specialize in different things. The division of labor led to advancement in almost every area from engineering and agriculture to art and, especially, the political organizations that organized the whole society and made all of those things possible. Both civilizations developed writing systems, originally developed to keep records, but soon used to express imaginations, beliefs, and to write down the histories of their nations.While Mesopotamian cultures were organized around the complex building projects needed to irrigate their fields, societies in the Nile River ha d other pressures. Their cropland was on a regular basis fertilized and irrigated, so their complexity developed out of a need to organize the wealth of the city-state and the empire that came as a result. Without the pressure of constantly trying to keep their crops irrigated, the Egyptians organized around religious beliefs, which they expressed in their greatest building projects and influenced almost everything they did.The pressures that led smaller societies to develop more complex structures were different in each case, but they both resulted in the building of the first great cities which are necessary for the political, social, and scientific innovations of complex society. Although the places they lived were very different, the Sumerians and the Egyptians both developed writing to record their progress, political innovations to maintain control of increase populations, and laid the foundations for great building projects and the great civilizations that would come after them.BibliographyBentley, Jerry H. and Ziegler, Herbert F., Traditions and Encounters Vol. 1 from The Beginning to 1500, 5th ed. brand-new York McGraw-Hill, 2010 1 Jerry H. Bentley and Herbert F. Ziegler, Traditions and Encounters Vol. 1 from The Beginning to 1500, 5th ed. (New York McGraw-Hill, 2010), 25 2 Bentley and Ziegel, Traditions, 273 Bentley and Ziegler, Traditions, 334 Bentley and Ziegler, Traditions, 365 Bentley and Ziegler, Traditions, 296 Bentley and Ziegel, Traditions, 50-517 Bentley and Ziegel, Traditions, 528 Bentley and Ziegel, Traditions, 539 Bentley and Ziegel, Traditions, 56